{"id":1175,"date":"2026-08-11T05:18:35","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T05:18:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/le-dejeuner-sur-lherbe\/"},"modified":"2026-10-12T10:39:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T10:39:59","slug":"le-dejeuner-sur-lherbe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/le-dejeuner-sur-lherbe\/","title":{"rendered":"Le D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe \u2013 Le \u00ab Bain \u00bb qui fit rire et scandalisa le Salon des refus\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>Le 15 mai 1863, au palais de l&rsquo;Industrie, sur les Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, s&rsquo;ouvre une exposition in\u00e9dite : le \u00ab Salon des refus\u00e9s \u00bb, voulu par Napol\u00e9on III pour montrer au public les \u0153uvres que le jury du Salon officiel avait \u00e9cart\u00e9es. Le tableau le plus comment\u00e9 s&rsquo;appelle alors <em>Le Bain<\/em>. Il montre une femme nue assise dans l&rsquo;herbe, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de deux hommes en costume, qui regarde tranquillement le spectateur. Le public rit, les critiques s&rsquo;indignent. Ce tableau, que nous appelons aujourd&rsquo;hui Le D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe, est devenu l&rsquo;une des \u0153uvres fondatrices de la peinture moderne.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>En bref<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artiste :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/artist\/edouard-manet\/\">\u00c9douard Manet (1832-1883)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Date :<\/strong> 1863<\/li>\n<li><strong>Titre en 1863 :<\/strong> <em>Le Bain<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Technique :<\/strong> huile sur toile<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dimensions :<\/strong> 208 \u00d7 264,5 cm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mouvement :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/movement\/realism\/\">R\u00e9alisme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lieu de conservation :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/museum\/musee-dorsay-paris\/\">mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, Paris<\/a>, don d&rsquo;\u00c9tienne Moreau-N\u00e9laton, 1906<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Le Salon des refus\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Sous le Second Empire, le Salon officiel est la grande exposition annuelle de peinture et de sculpture \u00e0 Paris. Y \u00eatre accept\u00e9 est indispensable pour se faire conna\u00eetre. En 1863, le jury refuse un nombre consid\u00e9rable d&rsquo;\u0153uvres, et les protestations sont si fortes que l&#8217;empereur Napol\u00e9on III d\u00e9cide d&rsquo;organiser une contre-exposition. Le 15 mai, deux semaines apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;ouverture du Salon officiel, le \u00ab Salon des refus\u00e9s \u00bb ouvre ses portes au palais de l&rsquo;Industrie.<\/p>\n<p>Manet y pr\u00e9sente trois tableaux, dont celui qu&rsquo;il intitule <em>Le Bain<\/em>. Le peintre am\u00e9ricain Whistler y montre aussi une toile qui fait sensation, sa <em>Symphonie en blanc n\u00b0 1<\/em> \u2013 c&rsquo;est le m\u00eame Whistler qui peindra plus tard <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/arrangement-en-gris-et-noir-n-1-la-mere-de-whistler\/\">La M\u00e8re de Whistler<\/a>. Mais c&rsquo;est le tableau de Manet qui devient la principale attraction de l&rsquo;exposition, entre \u00e9clats de rire et scandale.<\/p>\n<h2>Pourquoi ce scandale ?<\/h2>\n<p>Le nu f\u00e9minin n&rsquo;avait rien de nouveau dans la peinture. Mais il devait \u00eatre id\u00e9alis\u00e9 et justifi\u00e9 par un sujet mythologique ou all\u00e9gorique : des nymphes, des d\u00e9esses, des muses. Manet peint une sc\u00e8ne de son temps. Les deux hommes portent des v\u00eatements modernes ; la femme, nue, est assise avec eux, ses v\u00eatements \u00e0 la mode pos\u00e9s en d\u00e9sordre \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du panier de pique-nique. Et elle regarde le spectateur, sans honte.<\/p>\n<p>La mani\u00e8re de peindre choque aussi. Les couleurs sont pos\u00e9es en larges aplats, avec des contrastes forts et peu de model\u00e9. Le paysage est trait\u00e9 librement, presque comme un d\u00e9cor. Beaucoup y voient une peinture inachev\u00e9e, maladroite. Pour d&rsquo;autres, c&rsquo;est la naissance d&rsquo;une peinture nouvelle.<\/p>\n<h2>Un dialogue avec les ma\u00eetres du Louvre<\/h2>\n<p>Manet conna\u00eet parfaitement l&rsquo;art des mus\u00e9es. Pour composer sa sc\u00e8ne, il s&rsquo;inspire notamment du <em>Concert champ\u00eatre<\/em>, une peinture v\u00e9nitienne de la Renaissance conserv\u00e9e au Louvre, attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 Titien, o\u00f9 des femmes nues c\u00f4toient des musiciens habill\u00e9s dans un paysage. \u00c9mile Zola, qui d\u00e9fendit Manet, faisait remarquer qu&rsquo;on trouvait au Louvre bien des tableaux m\u00ealant figures nues et habill\u00e9es. Manet reprend ce mod\u00e8le ancien, mais le transpose dans le pr\u00e9sent, avec des Parisiens d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui. C&rsquo;est cette actualisation qui d\u00e9range.<\/p>\n<h2>Qui sont les personnages ?<\/h2>\n<p>La femme nue a pour mod\u00e8le Victorine Meurent, l&rsquo;un des mod\u00e8les pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s de Manet, que l&rsquo;on retrouve deux ans plus tard dans <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/olympia\/\">Olympia<\/a>. Selon l&rsquo;identification la plus courante, les deux hommes sont des proches du peintre : l&rsquo;un de ses fr\u00e8res et le fr\u00e8re de la femme qu&rsquo;il allait \u00e9pouser. Une historienne de l&rsquo;art a m\u00eame pu parler, \u00e0 propos de cette sc\u00e8ne, d&rsquo;un \u00ab portrait de famille \u00bb. \u00c0 l&rsquo;arri\u00e8re-plan, une autre femme, en chemise, se baigne dans le ruisseau.<\/p>\n<h2>Symbolisme et d\u00e9tails \u00e0 observer<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Le regard.<\/strong> La femme nue est la seule \u00e0 regarder vers nous. Les deux hommes, eux, semblent absorb\u00e9s par leur conversation. Le spectateur se sent pris \u00e0 t\u00e9moin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La nature morte.<\/strong> En bas \u00e0 gauche, le panier renvers\u00e9, les fruits, le pain et la robe bleue jet\u00e9e sur l&rsquo;herbe forment une magnifique nature morte, d&rsquo;une peinture virtuose.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La baigneuse.<\/strong> Au fond, la femme qui se baigne para\u00eet trop grande pour sa place dans l&rsquo;espace. Ce manque apparent de perspective a \u00e9t\u00e9 moqu\u00e9 ; il contribue aussi \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranget\u00e9 de la sc\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La lumi\u00e8re.<\/strong> Elle ne vient pas d&rsquo;un soleil pr\u00e9cis. Les corps clairs ressortent sur le sous-bois sombre comme sur un fond d&rsquo;atelier : Manet ne cherche pas \u00e0 imiter le plein air.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le format.<\/strong> Plus de deux m\u00e8tres sur deux m\u00e8tres et demi : un format r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux grands tableaux d&rsquo;histoire, utilis\u00e9 ici pour une sc\u00e8ne de pique-nique.<\/p>\n<h2>Deux versions<\/h2>\n<p>Il existe une version plus petite et plus ancienne du <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em>, conserv\u00e9e \u00e0 la Courtauld Gallery de Londres. Nous comparons les deux tableaux dans <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/quelle-version-regardez-vous\/\">Quelle version regardez-vous ?<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u00c0 propos d&rsquo;\u00c9douard Manet<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris en 1832 dans une famille de la haute bourgeoisie, Manet se forme dans l&rsquo;atelier de Thomas Couture et copie les ma\u00eetres anciens au Louvre. Ami des futurs impressionnistes, il continue pourtant de pr\u00e9senter ses tableaux au Salon officiel, au prix de nombreux refus et scandales, comme celui d&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/olympia\/\">Olympia<\/a> en 1865. Il meurt \u00e0 Paris en 1883.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u00e9ritage et influence<\/h2>\n<p>Le <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em> a marqu\u00e9 toute une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration. En 1865-1866, le jeune Claude Monet entreprend \u00e0 son tour un immense <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em>, peint en plein air, avec des figures habill\u00e9es. Il ne l&rsquo;ach\u00e8vera jamais : il laisse la toile \u00e0 son propri\u00e9taire en paiement d&rsquo;un loyer. Ab\u00eem\u00e9e, elle sera d\u00e9coup\u00e9e ; deux fragments sont aujourd&rsquo;hui au mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay. Monet est aussi l&rsquo;auteur d&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/impression-soleil-levant\/\">Impression, soleil levant<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Un si\u00e8cle plus tard, Pablo Picasso se passionne pour le tableau. Entre 1949 et 1962, il r\u00e9alise d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s lui 27 peintures, 140 dessins, des linogravures et des maquettes en carton pour des sculptures : le plus important ensemble d&rsquo;\u0153uvres inspir\u00e9 par un seul tableau au XX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<h2>Et en France ?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Un tableau qui a trouv\u00e9 son chemin vers le mus\u00e9e.<\/strong> Manet garde longtemps le tableau. En 1878, le baryton et collectionneur Jean-Baptiste Faure, celui-l\u00e0 m\u00eame qui avait command\u00e9 \u00e0 Degas <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-classe-de-danse\/\">La Classe de danse<\/a>, l&rsquo;ach\u00e8te pour 2 600 francs. En 1900, il passe dans la collection d&rsquo;\u00c9tienne Moreau-N\u00e9laton, peintre, historien d&rsquo;art et grand collectionneur, qui le donne \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat en 1906. Le tableau est d&rsquo;abord pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au mus\u00e9e des Arts d\u00e9coratifs, puis entre au Louvre en 1934, avant de rejoindre le mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Picasso et Manet \u00e0 Paris.<\/strong> En 2008, le mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay a consacr\u00e9 une exposition, \u00ab Picasso\/Manet \u00bb, au dialogue entre les deux peintres autour du <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em>. Une partie des variations de Picasso est conserv\u00e9e au mus\u00e9e national Picasso, \u00e0 Paris.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Monet \u00e0 Orsay.<\/strong> Les deux fragments du <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em> de Monet sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s au mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, ce qui permet de comparer, \u00e0 quelques salles de distance, la sc\u00e8ne de Manet et sa r\u00e9ponse impressionniste.<\/p>\n<h2>O\u00f9 voir l&rsquo;\u0153uvre aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/h2>\n<p>Le <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em> est expos\u00e9 au <strong>mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay<\/strong>, \u00e0 Paris, dans les salles consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 Manet.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9servez en ligne<\/strong> et v\u00e9rifiez les horaires sur le site du mus\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dans le m\u00eame mus\u00e9e :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/olympia\/\">Olympia<\/a>, les fragments du <em>D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/em> de Monet et <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/arrangement-en-gris-et-noir-n-1-la-mere-de-whistler\/\">La M\u00e8re de Whistler<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Au Louvre :<\/strong> le <em>Concert champ\u00eatre<\/em>, pour voir le mod\u00e8le de Manet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c0 Londres :<\/strong> la petite version du tableau, \u00e0 la Courtauld Gallery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n<h3>Pourquoi le tableau a-t-il fait scandale ?<\/h3>\n<p>Parce qu&rsquo;il montrait une femme nue contemporaine, sans pr\u00e9texte mythologique, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de deux hommes habill\u00e9s, et qu&rsquo;elle regardait le spectateur. Sa peinture en aplats choquait aussi.<\/p>\n<h3>O\u00f9 a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois ?<\/h3>\n<p>Au Salon des refus\u00e9s, ouvert le 15 mai 1863 au palais de l&rsquo;Industrie, \u00e0 Paris, sous le titre <em>Le Bain<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Qui est la femme nue ?<\/h3>\n<p>Victorine Meurent, l&rsquo;un des mod\u00e8les pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s de Manet, qui posa aussi pour <em>Olympia<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Comment est-il entr\u00e9 au mus\u00e9e ?<\/h3>\n<p>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat en 1906 par le collectionneur \u00c9tienne Moreau-N\u00e9laton, apr\u00e8s avoir appartenu au baryton Jean-Baptiste Faure.<\/p>\n<h3>Picasso s&rsquo;en est-il inspir\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\n<p>Oui, abondamment : entre 1949 et 1962, il a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s lui 27 peintures, 140 dessins, des linogravures et des maquettes.<\/p>\n<p>Manet a voulu peindre un sujet ancien avec des gens de son temps. Le public de 1863 n&rsquo;y a vu qu&rsquo;une provocation et a \u00e9clat\u00e9 de rire. Un si\u00e8cle et demi plus tard, Picasso y a puis\u00e9 pendant treize ans, et le tableau est devenu le point de d\u00e9part de toute la peinture moderne.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Image : Le D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe \u2013 \u00c9douard Manet, 1863, mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, Paris. Licence : domaine public. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Edouard_Manet_-_Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le 15 mai 1863, au palais de l&rsquo;Industrie, sur les Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, s&rsquo;ouvre une exposition in\u00e9dite : le \u00ab Salon des refus\u00e9s \u00bb, voulu par Napol\u00e9on III pour montrer au public les \u0153uvres que le jury du Salon officiel avait \u00e9cart\u00e9es. Le tableau le plus comment\u00e9 s&rsquo;appelle alors Le Bain. Il montre une femme nue assise&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[472],"tags":[5357,1108,2366,5424,1109,5425,3952,5414,5426,477],"artist":[5376],"movement":[3949],"museum":[2389],"class_list":["post-1175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-peinture","tag-edouard-manet","tag-impressionnisme","tag-musee-dorsay","tag-nu-en-peinture","tag-peinture-francaise","tag-peinture-moderne","tag-realisme","tag-salon-des-refuses","tag-second-empire","tag-xixe-siecle","artist-edouard-manet","movement-realism","museum-musee-dorsay-paris"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le D\u00e9jeuner sur l&#039;herbe de Manet : le scandale de 1863<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le D\u00e9jeuner sur l&#039;herbe de Manet, refus\u00e9 en 1863, fit scandale au Salon des refus\u00e9s. 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