{"id":1199,"date":"2026-08-13T05:18:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-13T05:18:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/la-vocation-de-saint-matthieu\/"},"modified":"2026-10-12T11:09:34","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:09:34","slug":"la-vocation-de-saint-matthieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-vocation-de-saint-matthieu\/","title":{"rendered":"La Vocation de saint Matthieu \u2013 Le Caravage de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise des Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Rome"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>Le chef-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre qui a lanc\u00e9 la carri\u00e8re du Caravage se trouve dans une \u00e9glise qui appartient \u00e0 la France. Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, entre le Panth\u00e9on et la place Navone, est l&rsquo;\u00e9glise nationale des Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Rome. Et le tableau y est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un Fran\u00e7ais : le cardinal Mathieu Cointrel \u2013 \u00ab Contarelli \u00bb pour les Romains \u2013, mort en 1585, qui avait laiss\u00e9 de l&rsquo;argent et des instructions pour d\u00e9corer sa chapelle de sc\u00e8nes de la vie de son saint patron, saint Matthieu. Quatorze ans plus tard, un jeune peintre lombard de vingt-huit ans re\u00e7oit la commande. La peinture europ\u00e9enne ne sera plus jamais la m\u00eame.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>En bref<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artiste :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/artist\/caravaggio\/\">Caravage (Michelangelo Merisi, 1571-1610)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Date :<\/strong> 1599-1600 ; contrat sign\u00e9 le 23 juillet 1599<\/li>\n<li><strong>Commande :<\/strong> les ex\u00e9cuteurs testamentaires du cardinal fran\u00e7ais Mathieu Cointrel (Contarelli)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technique :<\/strong> huile sur toile<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dimensions :<\/strong> 322 \u00d7 340 cm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mouvement :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/movement\/baroque\/\">Baroque<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lieu :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/museum\/san-luigi-dei-francesi-rome\/\">chapelle Contarelli, \u00e9glise Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, Rome<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Une chapelle fran\u00e7aise<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais est construite \u00e0 partir de 1518, avec le soutien des rois de France de la dynastie des Valois et de Catherine de M\u00e9dicis, pour accueillir les p\u00e8lerins et la communaut\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de Rome. Elle est consacr\u00e9e en 1589. Aujourd&rsquo;hui encore, elle appartient \u00e0 la France et d\u00e9pend d&rsquo;une fondation, les Pieux \u00c9tablissements de la France \u00e0 Rome et \u00e0 Lorette, qui g\u00e8re les \u00e9glises fran\u00e7aises de la ville.<\/p>\n<p>Mathieu Cointrel, pr\u00e9lat originaire de France devenu cardinal en 1583, avait contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 financer l&rsquo;\u00e9glise et achet\u00e9 en 1565 une chapelle pour y \u00eatre enterr\u00e9. \u00c0 sa mort, en 1585, il laisse des fonds et des instructions pr\u00e9cises pour la faire d\u00e9corer de sc\u00e8nes de la vie de saint Matthieu. Pendant des ann\u00e9es, le projet tra\u00eene.<\/p>\n<p>En 1599, \u00e0 l&rsquo;approche du jubil\u00e9 de l&rsquo;an 1600, l&rsquo;\u00e9glise d\u00e9cide enfin de mener la d\u00e9coration \u00e0 bien. Gr\u00e2ce au soutien de son protecteur, le cardinal Del Monte, le jeune Caravage obtient la commande. Le contrat est sign\u00e9 le 23 juillet 1599. C&rsquo;est sa premi\u00e8re grande commande publique. Les deux grands tableaux lat\u00e9raux \u2013 <em>La Vocation<\/em> et <em>Le Martyre de saint Matthieu<\/em> \u2013 sont en place en juillet 1600.<\/p>\n<h2>Le moment de l&rsquo;appel<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9vangile raconte que J\u00e9sus vit un collecteur d&rsquo;imp\u00f4ts, L\u00e9vi, assis \u00e0 son bureau de percepteur, et lui dit : \u00ab Suis-moi. \u00bb L&rsquo;homme se leva et le suivit ; il devint l&rsquo;ap\u00f4tre Matthieu.<\/p>\n<p>Le Caravage transpose la sc\u00e8ne dans une salle sombre de la Rome de son temps. Autour d&rsquo;une table, des hommes en costumes contemporains \u2013 pourpoints, chapeaux \u00e0 plumes, \u00e9p\u00e9es \u2013 comptent de l&rsquo;argent. \u00c0 droite, dans l&rsquo;ombre, entrent le Christ et saint Pierre, pieds nus, v\u00eatus de tuniques simples. Le Christ tend la main. Une lumi\u00e8re venue d&rsquo;en haut, \u00e0 droite, traverse la pi\u00e8ce en diagonale et frappe les visages.<\/p>\n<p>Le choix du sujet n&rsquo;est pas anodin. \u00c0 la fin du XVI<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, la papaut\u00e9 met en avant le th\u00e8me de la conversion \u00e0 propos de la France, quelques ann\u00e9es apr\u00e8s le passage au catholicisme du roi Henri IV. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9glise des Fran\u00e7ais, l&rsquo;appel d&rsquo;un p\u00e9cheur qui change de vie prend un sens particulier.<\/p>\n<h2>Qui est Matthieu ?<\/h2>\n<p>C&rsquo;est la grande \u00e9nigme du tableau. Traditionnellement, on reconna\u00eet Matthieu dans l&rsquo;homme barbu, au centre, qui semble se d\u00e9signer lui-m\u00eame du doigt, comme pour dire : \u00ab Moi ? \u00bb Mais certains historiens pensent qu&rsquo;il montre en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 le jeune homme assis au bout de la table, t\u00eate baiss\u00e9e sur les pi\u00e8ces, qui ne l\u00e8ve pas les yeux. Dans ce cas, Matthieu serait celui qui n&rsquo;a pas encore entendu l&rsquo;appel. Le d\u00e9bat n&rsquo;est pas tranch\u00e9, et l&rsquo;ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 fait partie de la force du tableau.<\/p>\n<h2>Symbolisme et d\u00e9tails \u00e0 observer<\/h2>\n<p><strong>La lumi\u00e8re.<\/strong> Elle ne vient pas de la fen\u00eatre, mais d&rsquo;une source invisible, au-dessus du Christ. Elle suit la direction de son geste et va frapper le groupe des hommes \u00e0 table. C&rsquo;est la gr\u00e2ce rendue visible. Le Caravage invente ici l&rsquo;\u00e9clairage dramatique, le clair-obscur intense, qui sera imit\u00e9 dans toute l&rsquo;Europe.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La main du Christ.<\/strong> Son geste, la main tendue, le doigt l\u00e9g\u00e8rement fl\u00e9chi, est souvent rapproch\u00e9 de celui d&rsquo;Adam dans <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-creation-dadam\/\">La Cr\u00e9ation d&rsquo;Adam<\/a> de Michel-Ange, au plafond de la chapelle Sixtine.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deux \u00e9poques.<\/strong> Les percepteurs portent les v\u00eatements de 1600 ; le Christ et Pierre, des tuniques intemporelles. L&rsquo;appel divin entre dans le monde d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La fen\u00eatre.<\/strong> Au-dessus de la table, une fen\u00eatre sombre, aux carreaux opaques, ne laisse passer presque aucune lumi\u00e8re : la vraie lumi\u00e8re vient d&rsquo;ailleurs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;argent.<\/strong> Sur la table, les pi\u00e8ces, la bourse, l&rsquo;\u00e9critoire : tout le monde du percepteur que Matthieu va quitter.<\/p>\n<h2>Trois tableaux, une chapelle<\/h2>\n<p>La chapelle Contarelli r\u00e9unit trois tableaux du Caravage. \u00c0 gauche, <em>La Vocation de saint Matthieu<\/em> ; \u00e0 droite, <em>Le Martyre de saint Matthieu<\/em>, o\u00f9 le peintre s&rsquo;est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 parmi les t\u00e9moins, au fond ; au centre, au-dessus de l&rsquo;autel, <em>Saint Matthieu et l&rsquo;Ange<\/em>, ajout\u00e9 en 1602. Ensemble, ils racontent la vocation, l&rsquo;inspiration et la mort de l&rsquo;ap\u00f4tre.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c0 propos du Caravage<\/h2>\n<p>Michelangelo Merisi, dit le Caravage, d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s le nom du bourg lombard de sa famille, na\u00eet en 1571. Arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 Rome vers 1592, il se fait conna\u00eetre par des tableaux de genre et des natures mortes, avant que la chapelle Contarelli ne le rende c\u00e9l\u00e8bre. Sa vie est violente : en 1606, il tue un homme et doit fuir Rome. Il meurt en 1610, \u00e0 trente-huit ans. Son \u0153uvre, faite de mod\u00e8les pris dans la rue, de contrastes violents d&rsquo;ombre et de lumi\u00e8re, comme dans <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/judith-decapitant-holopherne\/\">Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne<\/a>, a boulevers\u00e9 la peinture du XVII<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u00e9ritage et influence<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00e8s son installation, le tableau attire peintres et curieux. Le style du Caravage \u2013 le \u00ab caravagisme \u00bb \u2013 se r\u00e9pand dans toute l&rsquo;Europe : en Italie, en Espagne, aux Pays-Bas, en France. Le travail de la lumi\u00e8re de Rembrandt, dans des tableaux comme <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-ronde-de-nuit\/\">La Ronde de nuit<\/a>, s&rsquo;inscrit dans cet h\u00e9ritage.<\/p>\n<p>Le tableau n&rsquo;a jamais quitt\u00e9 sa chapelle. Le pape Fran\u00e7ois a racont\u00e9 qu&rsquo;il venait souvent, jeune, \u00e0 Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais pour le contempler, et se reconnaissait dans le geste de Matthieu.<\/p>\n<h2>Et en France ?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Une \u00e9glise nationale.<\/strong> Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais est l&rsquo;\u00e9glise de la communaut\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 Rome. Elle est d\u00e9di\u00e9e \u00e0 la Vierge, \u00e0 saint Denis et \u00e0 saint Louis, roi de France, et ses chapelles \u00e9voquent l&rsquo;histoire de France, comme la chapelle consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 sainte Clotilde ou les fresques de la vie de saint Louis. Visiter la chapelle Contarelli, c&rsquo;est aussi entrer dans un morceau de France au c\u0153ur de Rome.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le cardinal Cointrel.<\/strong> Sans ce pr\u00e9lat fran\u00e7ais, son testament et sa d\u00e9votion \u00e0 saint Matthieu, les tableaux n&rsquo;existeraient pas. Sa chapelle porte son nom italianis\u00e9, et son blason figure dans le d\u00e9cor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le Caravage en France.<\/strong> Pour voir le Caravage sans aller \u00e0 Rome, il faut aller au mus\u00e9e du Louvre, qui conserve plusieurs de ses tableaux, dont <em>La Mort de la Vierge<\/em>. Les peintres fran\u00e7ais du XVII<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, comme Valentin de Boulogne, sont partis \u00e0 Rome et y ont adopt\u00e9 sa mani\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<h2>O\u00f9 voir l&rsquo;\u0153uvre aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/h2>\n<p>La <em>Vocation de saint Matthieu<\/em> se trouve toujours \u00e0 sa place d&rsquo;origine, dans la chapelle Contarelli, la cinqui\u00e8me \u00e0 gauche de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, \u00e0 Rome.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;entr\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise est gratuite.<\/strong> Elle reste un lieu de culte : respectez les horaires des offices.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9clairage :<\/strong> la chapelle est sombre ; un dispositif d&rsquo;\u00e9clairage, parfois payant, permet de mieux voir les tableaux. Pr\u00e9voyez \u00e9ventuellement quelques pi\u00e8ces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Venez t\u00f4t<\/strong> : la chapelle, petite, est souvent tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quent\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c0 proximit\u00e9 :<\/strong> le <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/pantheon\/\">Panth\u00e9on<\/a>, \u00e0 quelques minutes \u00e0 pied, et la place Navone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n<h3>Pourquoi le tableau se trouve-t-il dans une \u00e9glise fran\u00e7aise ?<\/h3>\n<p>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 command\u00e9 pour la chapelle du cardinal fran\u00e7ais Mathieu Cointrel (Contarelli), dans Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, l&rsquo;\u00e9glise nationale des Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Rome, qui appartient toujours \u00e0 la France.<\/p>\n<h3>Qui est Matthieu dans le tableau ?<\/h3>\n<p>Traditionnellement, l&rsquo;homme barbu qui se d\u00e9signe du doigt. Certains historiens pensent plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit du jeune homme pench\u00e9 sur les pi\u00e8ces, en bout de table. Le d\u00e9bat reste ouvert.<\/p>\n<h3>Quand le tableau a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 peint ?<\/h3>\n<p>En 1599-1600. Le contrat a \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9 le 23 juillet 1599, et le tableau \u00e9tait en place en juillet 1600.<\/p>\n<h3>Le tableau a-t-il d\u00e9j\u00e0 quitt\u00e9 Rome ?<\/h3>\n<p>Non. Il se trouve toujours dans la chapelle pour laquelle il a \u00e9t\u00e9 peint.<\/p>\n<h3>O\u00f9 voir le Caravage en France ?<\/h3>\n<p>Au mus\u00e9e du Louvre, qui conserve plusieurs de ses tableaux, dont <em>La Mort de la Vierge<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Un cardinal fran\u00e7ais a voulu honorer son saint patron, un jeune peintre lombard a peint un percepteur dans une salle obscure, et une lumi\u00e8re venue de nulle part a travers\u00e9 la pi\u00e8ce. Plus de quatre si\u00e8cles plus tard, dans l&rsquo;\u00e9glise des Fran\u00e7ais de Rome, la m\u00eame lumi\u00e8re tombe toujours sur la m\u00eame table \u2013 et chaque visiteur se demande, \u00e0 son tour, qui est appel\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Image : La Vocation de saint Matthieu \u2013 Caravage, 1599-1600, chapelle Contarelli, Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, Rome. Licence : domaine public. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Caravaggio_%E2%80%94_The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le chef-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre qui a lanc\u00e9 la carri\u00e8re du Caravage se trouve dans une \u00e9glise qui appartient \u00e0 la France. Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, entre le Panth\u00e9on et la place Navone, est l&rsquo;\u00e9glise nationale des Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Rome. Et le tableau y est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un Fran\u00e7ais : le cardinal Mathieu Cointrel \u2013 \u00ab Contarelli \u00bb pour les Romains&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1194,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[472],"tags":[5539,5532,5531,5538,5536,5533,1989,5537,5534,5535],"artist":[5529],"movement":[1370],"museum":[5530],"class_list":["post-1199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-peinture","tag-art-religieux","tag-baroque","tag-caravaggio","tag-chapelle-contarelli","tag-contre-reforme","tag-peinture-italienne","tag-rome","tag-saint-matthieu","tag-san-luigi-dei-francesi","tag-tenebrisme","artist-caravaggio","movement-baroque","museum-san-luigi-dei-francesi-rome"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La Vocation de saint Matthieu : le Caravage des Fran\u00e7ais<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La Vocation de saint Matthieu du Caravage, dans l&#039;\u00e9glise des Fran\u00e7ais de Rome, command\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce au cardinal Cointrel. 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