{"id":1211,"date":"2026-08-14T05:18:39","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T05:18:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/judith-decapitant-holopherne\/"},"modified":"2026-10-12T11:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:13:50","slug":"judith-decapitant-holopherne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/judith-decapitant-holopherne\/","title":{"rendered":"Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne \u2013 Le Caravage de Rome et l&rsquo;\u00e9nigme du grenier de Toulouse"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>En avril 2014, pr\u00e8s de Toulouse, un propri\u00e9taire qui vide son grenier apr\u00e8s un d\u00e9g\u00e2t des eaux d\u00e9couvre une grande toile poussi\u00e9reuse : une jeune femme y tranche la gorge d&rsquo;un homme. Pour l&rsquo;expert parisien qui l&rsquo;examine, c&rsquo;est une seconde version, r\u00e9put\u00e9e perdue depuis quatre si\u00e8cles, de la Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne du Caravage. L&rsquo;\u00c9tat la d\u00e9clare \u00ab tr\u00e9sor national \u00bb ; elle devait \u00eatre vendue aux ench\u00e8res \u00e0 Toulouse en 2019, estim\u00e9e entre 100 et 150 millions d&rsquo;euros. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 c\u00e9d\u00e9e la veille, en secret. La premi\u00e8re Judith, elle, n&rsquo;a jamais quitt\u00e9 Rome, o\u00f9 elle avait elle-m\u00eame \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9e pendant plus de trois si\u00e8cles.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>En bref<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artiste :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/artist\/caravaggio\/\">Caravage (Michelangelo Merisi, 1571-1610)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Date :<\/strong> vers 1598-1599<\/li>\n<li><strong>Commanditaire probable :<\/strong> le banquier g\u00e9nois Ottavio Costa<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technique :<\/strong> huile sur toile<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dimensions :<\/strong> 145 \u00d7 195 cm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mouvement :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/movement\/baroque\/\">Baroque<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lieu de conservation :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/museum\/palazzo-barberini-rome\/\">Galerie nationale d&rsquo;art ancien, palais Barberini, Rome<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Une h\u00e9ro\u00efne biblique<\/h2>\n<p>Le livre de Judith raconte qu&rsquo;une jeune veuve de la ville juive de B\u00e9thulie, assi\u00e9g\u00e9e par l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e assyrienne, se rend dans le camp ennemi avec sa servante. Elle s\u00e9duit le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Holopherne, l&rsquo;enivre, puis, quand il s&rsquo;endort, lui tranche la t\u00eate avec son propre sabre. Priv\u00e9e de son chef, l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e s&rsquo;enfuit. Judith devient le symbole de la faiblesse qui triomphe de la force et du peuple qui r\u00e9siste au tyran.<\/p>\n<p>Les peintres de la Renaissance avaient souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 Judith apr\u00e8s le meurtre, tenant calmement la t\u00eate du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Le Caravage choisit le moment m\u00eame de l&rsquo;acte.<\/p>\n<h2>L&rsquo;instant du meurtre<\/h2>\n<p>Sur un lit aux draps blancs, Holopherne se cabre. La lame a d\u00e9j\u00e0 entaill\u00e9 son cou ; le sang jaillit en jets rouges. Il crie, les yeux r\u00e9vuls\u00e9s, mais il est encore vivant. Judith, debout, tient sa chevelure d&rsquo;une main et le sabre de l&rsquo;autre. Pench\u00e9e, mais le buste en retrait, les sourcils fronc\u00e9s, elle semble \u00e0 la fois d\u00e9cid\u00e9e et horrifi\u00e9e par ce qu&rsquo;elle fait.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 droite, la vieille servante, au visage rid\u00e9, tient le sac qui recevra la t\u00eate et regarde la sc\u00e8ne avec une intensit\u00e9 presque cruelle. Le contraste entre la jeunesse de Judith et la vieillesse de la servante, entre la blancheur des draps et le rouge du sang, donne \u00e0 la sc\u00e8ne sa violence.<\/p>\n<h2>Symbolisme et d\u00e9tails \u00e0 observer<\/h2>\n<p><strong>La lumi\u00e8re.<\/strong> Une lumi\u00e8re crue tombe de la gauche sur les trois personnages et les d\u00e9tache d&rsquo;un fond presque noir. C&rsquo;est le clair-obscur du Caravage, qu&rsquo;il porte \u00e0 son plus haut degr\u00e9 de dramatisme.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le cri.<\/strong> La bouche ouverte d&rsquo;Holopherne et sa t\u00eate renvers\u00e9e fixent un moment insoutenable : celui o\u00f9 la vie s&rsquo;en va.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les mains de Judith.<\/strong> L&rsquo;une tient les cheveux, l&rsquo;autre le sabre, presque \u00e0 distance. Le Caravage montre la difficult\u00e9 physique et morale du geste.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le rideau rouge.<\/strong> En haut, un lourd rideau rouge ferme la sc\u00e8ne comme sur une sc\u00e8ne de th\u00e9\u00e2tre.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le mod\u00e8le.<\/strong> Pour Judith, le Caravage a sans doute fait poser une jeune femme de son entourage romain. Il peint d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s des mod\u00e8les r\u00e9els, sans id\u00e9aliser leurs traits.<\/p>\n<h2>Un tableau oubli\u00e9 pendant trois si\u00e8cles<\/h2>\n<p>Selon le biographe Giovanni Baglione, le tableau a \u00e9t\u00e9 command\u00e9 par le banquier g\u00e9nois Ottavio Costa, l&rsquo;un des premiers grands collectionneurs du Caravage. Puis il dispara\u00eet de l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;art. Ce n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;au XX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle que le grand sp\u00e9cialiste du Caravage Roberto Longhi le retrouve dans une collection priv\u00e9e romaine. Son attribution est confirm\u00e9e par des recherches men\u00e9es en 1951, l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e o\u00f9 il est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9, hors catalogue, \u00e0 la grande exposition Caravage de Milan. Il appartient aujourd&rsquo;hui \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat italien et est expos\u00e9 au palais Barberini.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c0 propos du Caravage<\/h2>\n<p>Michelangelo Merisi, dit le Caravage, na\u00eet en 1571 et arrive \u00e0 Rome vers 1592. Vers 1599, il re\u00e7oit sa premi\u00e8re grande commande publique pour l&rsquo;\u00e9glise des Fran\u00e7ais de Rome, avec <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-vocation-de-saint-matthieu\/\">La Vocation de saint Matthieu<\/a>. En 1606, il tue un homme et doit fuir Rome : il se r\u00e9fugie \u00e0 Naples, \u00e0 Malte, en Sicile. Il meurt en 1610, \u00e0 trente-huit ans.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u00e9ritage et influence<\/h2>\n<p>La <em>Judith<\/em> du Caravage a marqu\u00e9 la peinture europ\u00e9enne. Quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard, la peintre romaine Artemisia Gentileschi reprend le sujet dans des versions encore plus violentes, o\u00f9 les deux femmes luttent physiquement avec Holopherne. Deux si\u00e8cles plus tard, en Espagne, Goya peint lui aussi une Judith sombre et mena\u00e7ante sur les murs de sa maison, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/saturne-devorant-son-fils\/\">Saturne d\u00e9vorant son fils<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Et en France ?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>La \u00ab Judith de Toulouse \u00bb.<\/strong> En avril 2014, dans une maison de la r\u00e9gion toulousaine, un propri\u00e9taire contraint de vider sa soupente apr\u00e8s un d\u00e9g\u00e2t des eaux d\u00e9couvre une toile de 144 \u00d7 173 cm repr\u00e9sentant Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne. Le commissaire-priseur toulousain Marc Labarbe fait appel \u00e0 l&rsquo;expert parisien \u00c9ric Turquin. Pour lui, c&rsquo;est la seconde version du sujet peinte par le Caravage, vers 1607, \u00e0 Naples, et perdue depuis le d\u00e9but du XVII<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Un tr\u00e9sor national.<\/strong> Le 25 mars 2016, le minist\u00e8re de la Culture la classe \u00ab tr\u00e9sor national \u00bb, ce qui interdit sa sortie du territoire pendant trente mois et laisse \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat le temps de l&rsquo;acqu\u00e9rir. Faute d&rsquo;achat public, le tableau est restaur\u00e9, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 Londres, \u00e0 New York et, en mai 2019, \u00e0 Paris, puis mis en vente aux ench\u00e8res \u00e0 Toulouse le 27 juin 2019, avec une estimation de 100 \u00e0 150 millions d&rsquo;euros.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Une vente secr\u00e8te.<\/strong> Deux jours avant la vente, la maison Labarbe annonce que le tableau a \u00e9t\u00e9 c\u00e9d\u00e9 de gr\u00e9 \u00e0 gr\u00e9 \u00e0 un acheteur \u00e9tranger. On apprendra qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit du financier et collectionneur am\u00e9ricain J. Tomilson Hill. L&rsquo;attribution reste discut\u00e9e : pour certains historiens, la toile est bien du Caravage ; pour d&rsquo;autres, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;\u0153uvre \u2013 peut-\u00eatre le chef-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre \u2013 du peintre et marchand flamand Louis Finson, qui poss\u00e9dait une Judith du Caravage au d\u00e9but du XVII<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le Caravage au Louvre.<\/strong> Pour voir un Caravage incontest\u00e9 en France, il faut aller au mus\u00e9e du Louvre, qui conserve notamment <em>La Mort de la Vierge<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>O\u00f9 voir l&rsquo;\u0153uvre aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/h2>\n<p>La <em>Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne<\/em> est expos\u00e9e \u00e0 la <strong>Galerie nationale d&rsquo;art ancien<\/strong>, dans le palais Barberini, \u00e0 Rome.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00e9rifiez les horaires et r\u00e9servez<\/strong> sur le site du mus\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dans le m\u00eame mus\u00e9e :<\/strong> d&rsquo;autres tableaux du Caravage et de grands ma\u00eetres italiens, dont <em>La Fornarina<\/em> de Rapha\u00ebl.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c0 quelques minutes \u00e0 pied :<\/strong> l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-Louis-des-Fran\u00e7ais, avec <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-vocation-de-saint-matthieu\/\">La Vocation de saint Matthieu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n<h3>Qui est Judith ?<\/h3>\n<p>Une h\u00e9ro\u00efne de la Bible, veuve de la ville de B\u00e9thulie, qui sauve son peuple en tranchant la t\u00eate du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral assyrien Holopherne.<\/p>\n<h3>Quand le tableau a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\n<p>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9 au XX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle par Roberto Longhi dans une collection priv\u00e9e romaine ; son attribution au Caravage a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie en 1951.<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la \u00ab Judith de Toulouse \u00bb ?<\/h3>\n<p>Une autre <em>Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne<\/em>, d\u00e9couverte en 2014 dans un grenier pr\u00e8s de Toulouse et attribu\u00e9e au Caravage par l&rsquo;expert \u00c9ric Turquin. Class\u00e9e tr\u00e9sor national en 2016, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 vendue en 2019 \u00e0 un collectionneur am\u00e9ricain. Son attribution reste discut\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>Le tableau de Toulouse est-il un vrai Caravage ?<\/h3>\n<p>Les sp\u00e9cialistes sont divis\u00e9s : certains y voient une \u0153uvre du Caravage peinte vers 1607, d&rsquo;autres une \u0153uvre du peintre flamand Louis Finson.<\/p>\n<h3>O\u00f9 voir la Judith du Caravage ?<\/h3>\n<p>Au palais Barberini, \u00e0 Rome, \u00e0 la Galerie nationale d&rsquo;art ancien.<\/p>\n<p>Le Caravage a peint l&rsquo;instant o\u00f9 une jeune femme tranche la gorge d&rsquo;un tyran, avec une v\u00e9rit\u00e9 qui fait encore fr\u00e9mir. Le tableau s&rsquo;est perdu pendant trois si\u00e8cles avant de r\u00e9appara\u00eetre \u00e0 Rome ; quatre cents ans plus tard, une autre Judith a surgi d&rsquo;un grenier toulousain, avant de dispara\u00eetre dans une collection priv\u00e9e. Les deux toiles posent la m\u00eame question : jusqu&rsquo;o\u00f9 peut-on regarder la violence en face ?<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Image : Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne \u2013 Caravage, vers 1598-1599, Galerie nationale d&rsquo;art ancien, palais Barberini, Rome. Licence : domaine public. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Caravaggio_-_Giuditta_e_Oloferne_(ca._1599).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En avril 2014, pr\u00e8s de Toulouse, un propri\u00e9taire qui vide son grenier apr\u00e8s un d\u00e9g\u00e2t des eaux d\u00e9couvre une grande toile poussi\u00e9reuse : une jeune femme y tranche la gorge d&rsquo;un homme. Pour l&rsquo;expert parisien qui l&rsquo;examine, c&rsquo;est une seconde version, r\u00e9put\u00e9e perdue depuis quatre si\u00e8cles, de la Judith d\u00e9capitant Holopherne du Caravage. L&rsquo;\u00c9tat la&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[472],"tags":[5539,5532,5531,5614,5536,5615,5612,5613,5533,1989],"artist":[5529],"movement":[1370],"museum":[5611],"class_list":["post-1211","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-peinture","tag-art-religieux","tag-baroque","tag-caravaggio","tag-clair-obscur","tag-contre-reforme","tag-galleria-nazionale-darte-antica","tag-judith-decapitant-holopherne","tag-palazzo-barberini","tag-peinture-italienne","tag-rome","artist-caravaggio","movement-baroque","museum-palazzo-barberini-rome"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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