{"id":411,"date":"2026-07-01T09:18:18","date_gmt":"2026-07-01T09:18:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/le-colisee\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T07:42:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T07:42:55","slug":"le-colisee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/le-colisee\/","title":{"rendered":"Le Colis\u00e9e \u2013 Des arches num\u00e9rot\u00e9es, des murs cribl\u00e9s de trous, et des cousins mieux conserv\u00e9s en France"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>Regardez attentivement les arches du Colis\u00e9e : au-dessus de certaines, on lit encore des chiffres romains grav\u00e9s dans la pierre. Ce sont les num\u00e9ros des entr\u00e9es, inscrits il y a pr\u00e8s de deux mille ans pour guider des dizaines de milliers de spectateurs vers leur place. Regardez ensuite les murs : ils sont cribl\u00e9s de trous. Au Moyen \u00c2ge, on a arrach\u00e9 les crampons de m\u00e9tal qui reliaient les blocs. Le Colis\u00e9e porte ainsi, \u00e0 m\u00eame la pierre, toute son histoire : le g\u00e9nie de ses b\u00e2tisseurs et le pillage des si\u00e8cles suivants.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>En bref<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Architectes :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/artist\/unknown\/\">inconnus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Date :<\/strong> commenc\u00e9 vers 70-72 apr. J.-C. sous Vespasien, inaugur\u00e9 en 80 sous Titus, compl\u00e9t\u00e9 sous Domitien<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nom antique :<\/strong> amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre Flavien<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technique :<\/strong> travertin, tuf volcanique, brique, b\u00e9ton romain<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dimensions :<\/strong> environ 188 \u00d7 156 m ; pr\u00e8s de 50 m de hauteur<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mouvement :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/movement\/ancient-art\/\">Art antique<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lieu :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/museum\/rome-italy\/\">Rome, Italie<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Un amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre sur le lac de N\u00e9ron<\/h2>\n<p>En 64 apr. J.-C., apr\u00e8s le grand incendie de Rome, l&#8217;empereur N\u00e9ron se fait construire un immense palais, la Maison dor\u00e9e, avec un lac artificiel en son centre. Apr\u00e8s sa chute, la nouvelle dynastie des Flaviens d\u00e9cide de rendre ce terrain au peuple. Vers 70-72, l&#8217;empereur Vespasien fait ass\u00e9cher le lac et lance \u00e0 sa place la construction d&rsquo;un gigantesque amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre pour les spectacles.<\/p>\n<p>Son fils Titus l&rsquo;inaugure en 80, avec cent jours de jeux. Son autre fils, Domitien, le compl\u00e8te, notamment en am\u00e9nageant sous l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne un vaste r\u00e9seau de souterrains. Le nom de \u00ab Colis\u00e9e \u00bb ne viendra que plus tard : il fait sans doute r\u00e9f\u00e9rence au <em>Colosse<\/em>, une statue g\u00e9ante de N\u00e9ron qui se dressait tout pr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n<h2>Une machine \u00e0 accueillir les foules<\/h2>\n<p>Le Colis\u00e9e pouvait accueillir environ 50 000 spectateurs, certaines estimations allant plus haut. Pour g\u00e9rer de telles foules, les architectes ont con\u00e7u un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;une efficacit\u00e9 remarquable.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Des entr\u00e9es num\u00e9rot\u00e9es.<\/strong> Le rez-de-chauss\u00e9e comptait 80 arches, dont la plupart servaient d&rsquo;entr\u00e9es num\u00e9rot\u00e9es. Les spectateurs avaient une marque qui indiquait leur entr\u00e9e, leur escalier et leur secteur. Les chiffres sont encore visibles au-dessus de plusieurs arches.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les vomitoires.<\/strong> Les couloirs qui d\u00e9bouchaient sur les gradins s&rsquo;appelaient <em>vomitoria<\/em> : ils permettaient \u00e0 la foule de se \u00ab d\u00e9verser \u00bb rapidement dans l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne et d&rsquo;en sortir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Une hi\u00e9rarchie sociale.<\/strong> Les places \u00e9taient r\u00e9parties selon le rang : l&#8217;empereur et les s\u00e9nateurs au plus pr\u00e8s de l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne, les citoyens au-dessus, les femmes et les plus pauvres tout en haut.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le velarium.<\/strong> Un immense voile de toile, man\u0153uvr\u00e9 par des marins de la flotte imp\u00e9riale, prot\u00e9geait les spectateurs du soleil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Symbolisme et d\u00e9tails \u00e0 observer<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Les trois ordres.<\/strong> La fa\u00e7ade superpose les trois ordres de l&rsquo;architecture classique, h\u00e9rit\u00e9s de la Gr\u00e8ce et du <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/parthenon\/\">Parth\u00e9non<\/a> : colonnes d&rsquo;ordre toscan (une variante du dorique) au rez-de-chauss\u00e9e, ionique au premier \u00e9tage, corinthien au deuxi\u00e8me. Au-dessus, un attique d\u00e9cor\u00e9 de pilastres corinthiens. La fa\u00e7ade devient une le\u00e7on d&rsquo;architecture.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les trous dans les murs.<\/strong> Les blocs de travertin \u00e9taient reli\u00e9s par des crampons de fer. Au Moyen \u00c2ge, on les a arrach\u00e9s pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer le m\u00e9tal, laissant les murs cribl\u00e9s de trous.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les souterrains.<\/strong> Sous l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne, l&rsquo;<em>hypog\u00e9e<\/em> \u00e9tait un labyrinthe de couloirs, de cages et de monte-charges qui faisaient surgir des animaux et des d\u00e9cors au milieu des combats.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le c\u00f4t\u00e9 effondr\u00e9.<\/strong> Le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sud est en grande partie d\u00e9truit, notamment depuis un tremblement de terre en 1349. Pendant des si\u00e8cles, le Colis\u00e9e a ensuite servi de carri\u00e8re : ses pierres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9utilis\u00e9es dans des palais et des \u00e9glises de Rome.<\/p>\n<h2>Gladiateurs, animaux\u2026 et une l\u00e9gende<\/h2>\n<p>On y donnait des combats de gladiateurs, des chasses d&rsquo;animaux sauvages, des ex\u00e9cutions publiques et, dans les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, peut-\u00eatre des batailles navales sur une ar\u00e8ne inond\u00e9e. Les derniers combats de gladiateurs y ont lieu au V<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, les chasses un peu plus tard.<\/p>\n<p>Une id\u00e9e tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue veut que des chr\u00e9tiens y aient \u00e9t\u00e9 massivement martyris\u00e9s. Aucune source antique ne le prouve directement. La tradition s&rsquo;est impos\u00e9e plus tard : en 1749, le pape Beno\u00eet XIV consacre le Colis\u00e9e \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire de la Passion et des martyrs. Depuis, chaque Vendredi saint, le pape y pr\u00e9side un chemin de croix.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u00e9ritage et influence<\/h2>\n<p>Le Colis\u00e9e a profond\u00e9ment marqu\u00e9 l&rsquo;architecture occidentale : la superposition des ordres sur des arcades a \u00e9t\u00e9 reprise par les architectes de la Renaissance pour les fa\u00e7ades des palais. Il a aussi fascin\u00e9 les peintres. Pieter Bruegel, qui l&rsquo;avait vu \u00e0 Rome vers 1552-1553, s&rsquo;en est inspir\u00e9 pour imaginer sa <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-tour-de-babel\/\">Tour de Babel<\/a>, avec ses arcades superpos\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Avec le <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/pantheon\/\">Panth\u00e9on<\/a>, il est l&rsquo;un des deux grands symboles de la Rome antique : l&rsquo;un en ruine, l&rsquo;autre intact. Il figure sur les pi\u00e8ces italiennes de cinq centimes d&rsquo;euro et a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisi en 2007 parmi les \u00ab sept nouvelles merveilles du monde \u00bb.<\/p>\n<h2>Et en France ?<\/h2>\n<p>Pour voir un amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre romain presque entier, il n&rsquo;est pas forc\u00e9ment n\u00e9cessaire d&rsquo;aller \u00e0 Rome. Le sud de la France conserve deux \u00ab cousins \u00bb du Colis\u00e9e, construits \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, sur le m\u00eame mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les ar\u00e8nes de N\u00eemes.<\/strong> B\u00e2ti \u00e0 la fin du I<sup>er<\/sup> si\u00e8cle apr. J.-C., l&rsquo;amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de N\u00eemes est plus petit que le Colis\u00e9e \u2013 133 m\u00e8tres sur 101 \u2013, mais beaucoup mieux conserv\u00e9 : il a gard\u00e9 son attique de couronnement, ce qui en fait l&rsquo;un des amphith\u00e9\u00e2tres romains les plus complets au monde. Il pouvait accueillir environ 24 000 spectateurs sur 34 rang\u00e9es de gradins. Au Moyen \u00c2ge, on y a construit un ch\u00e2teau, puis tout un quartier d&rsquo;habitations, \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur m\u00eame de l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne. \u00c0 partir de 1786, on a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9gager le monument. Depuis 1863, il accueille des courses de taureaux, et aujourd&rsquo;hui de grands concerts et spectacles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les ar\u00e8nes d&rsquo;Arles.<\/strong> Construit vers 80-90 apr. J.-C., \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s au moment de l&rsquo;inauguration du Colis\u00e9e, l&rsquo;amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre d&rsquo;Arles mesure 136 m\u00e8tres de long. Il a lui aussi abrit\u00e9 une petite ville m\u00e9di\u00e9vale. Class\u00e9 monument historique d\u00e8s 1840 \u00e0 l&rsquo;initiative de l&rsquo;\u00e9crivain Prosper M\u00e9rim\u00e9e, alors inspecteur des monuments historiques, il fait partie depuis 1981 du patrimoine mondial de l&rsquo;UNESCO avec les monuments romains et romans d&rsquo;Arles. Van Gogh l&rsquo;a peint en 1888, quand il vivait \u00e0 Arles, la ville de sa <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-terrasse-du-cafe-le-soir\/\">Terrasse du caf\u00e9 le soir<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le Colis\u00e9e vu par les Fran\u00e7ais.<\/strong> Le Colis\u00e9e a aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 un sujet favori des artistes fran\u00e7ais venus \u00e9tudier \u00e0 Rome, notamment les pensionnaires de l&rsquo;Acad\u00e9mie de France \u00e0 la villa M\u00e9dicis. Le peintre Camille Corot en a fait, en 1826, une vue c\u00e9l\u00e8bre depuis les jardins Farn\u00e8se, conserv\u00e9e au mus\u00e9e du Louvre.<\/p>\n<h2>O\u00f9 voir l&rsquo;\u0153uvre aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/h2>\n<p>Le Colis\u00e9e se trouve au c\u0153ur de Rome, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du Forum romain et du Palatin, qui forment ensemble le parc arch\u00e9ologique du Colis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9servez en ligne<\/strong>, longtemps \u00e0 l&rsquo;avance en haute saison. V\u00e9rifiez les conditions sur le site officiel du parc arch\u00e9ologique du Colis\u00e9e : les billets sont nominatifs et les cr\u00e9neaux limit\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le billet<\/strong> comprend g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le Colis\u00e9e, le Forum romain et le Palatin. Les souterrains et l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne font l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cherchez les chiffres<\/strong> au-dessus des arches du c\u00f4t\u00e9 nord, le mieux conserv\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acc\u00e8s :<\/strong> station de m\u00e9tro Colosseo (ligne B).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c0 proximit\u00e9 :<\/strong> l&rsquo;arc de Constantin, juste \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9, et le Forum romain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n<h3>Combien de spectateurs le Colis\u00e9e pouvait-il accueillir ?<\/h3>\n<p>Environ 50 000, selon la plupart des estimations ; certaines vont jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 80 000.<\/p>\n<h3>Pourquoi le Colis\u00e9e est-il en partie en ruine ?<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 cause des tremblements de terre, dont celui de 1349, et parce qu&rsquo;il a servi de carri\u00e8re pendant des si\u00e8cles. On a aussi arrach\u00e9 les crampons de m\u00e9tal qui reliaient les pierres, d&rsquo;o\u00f9 les nombreux trous dans les murs.<\/p>\n<h3>Des chr\u00e9tiens ont-ils \u00e9t\u00e9 martyris\u00e9s au Colis\u00e9e ?<\/h3>\n<p>Aucune source antique ne le prouve directement. La tradition s&rsquo;est impos\u00e9e plus tard, et le Colis\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire des martyrs en 1749.<\/p>\n<h3>D&rsquo;o\u00f9 vient le nom \u00ab Colis\u00e9e \u00bb ?<\/h3>\n<p>Il viendrait du Colosse, une statue g\u00e9ante de N\u00e9ron qui se dressait \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9. Le nom antique de l&rsquo;\u00e9difice \u00e9tait amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre Flavien.<\/p>\n<h3>Peut-on voir un amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre romain en France ?<\/h3>\n<p>Oui : les ar\u00e8nes de N\u00eemes, tr\u00e8s bien conserv\u00e9es, et les ar\u00e8nes d&rsquo;Arles, inscrites au patrimoine mondial de l&rsquo;UNESCO, datent de la m\u00eame \u00e9poque que le Colis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Le Colis\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 construit pour faire entrer et sortir 50 000 personnes en quelques minutes, puis il a \u00e9t\u00e9 pill\u00e9, secou\u00e9, transform\u00e9 en carri\u00e8re et en lieu de pri\u00e8re. Ses chiffres grav\u00e9s et ses trous racontent les deux histoires \u00e0 la fois. Et \u00e0 quelques centaines de kilom\u00e8tres de Paris, ses cousins de N\u00eemes et d&rsquo;Arles montrent \u00e0 quoi il ressemblait encore.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Image : Le Colis\u00e9e, Rome. Licence : domaine public. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regardez attentivement les arches du Colis\u00e9e : au-dessus de certaines, on lit encore des chiffres romains grav\u00e9s dans la pierre. Ce sont les num\u00e9ros des entr\u00e9es, inscrits il y a pr\u00e8s de deux mille ans pour guider des dizaines de milliers de spectateurs vers leur place. Regardez ensuite les murs : ils sont cribl\u00e9s de&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1986],"tags":[2319,1988,1710,2318,2321,2320,2322,1992,3556,1989],"artist":[1704],"movement":[1705],"museum":[1985],"class_list":["post-411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architecture","tag-amphitheatre","tag-architecture-romaine","tag-art-antique","tag-colisee","tag-dynastieflavienne","tag-gladiateurs","tag-italie","tag-monument-historique","tag-patrimoine-mondial","tag-rome","artist-unknown","movement-ancient-art","museum-rome-italy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Colis\u00e9e de Rome : entr\u00e9es num\u00e9rot\u00e9es et cousins fran\u00e7ais<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Inaugur\u00e9 en 80, le Colis\u00e9e de Rome accueillait 50 000 spectateurs par des entr\u00e9es num\u00e9rot\u00e9es. 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