{"id":701,"date":"2026-07-11T05:18:41","date_gmt":"2026-07-11T05:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/grand-sphinx-de-gizeh\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T14:48:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T14:48:27","slug":"grand-sphinx-de-gizeh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/grand-sphinx-de-gizeh\/","title":{"rendered":"Grand Sphinx de Gizeh \u2013 Le colosse que les Fran\u00e7ais ont sorti du sable"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>Pendant des si\u00e8cles, le Grand Sphinx de Gizeh n&rsquo;a \u00e9t\u00e9 qu&rsquo;une t\u00eate \u00e9mergeant du d\u00e9sert, le corps enfoui sous le sable. Ce sont en grande partie des Fran\u00e7ais qui l&rsquo;en ont sorti. En 1853, sur une photographie prise pendant les fouilles d&rsquo;Auguste Mariette, un drapeau tricolore flotte sur sa t\u00eate. Entre 1925 et 1936, l&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur \u00c9mile Baraize le d\u00e9gage enti\u00e8rement. Le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre gardien de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne, taill\u00e9 dans la roche il y a plus de quatre mille cinq cents ans, a ainsi retrouv\u00e9 son corps de lion au XX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>En bref<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Auteur :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/artist\/unknown\/\">artisans anonymes de l&rsquo;Ancien Empire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Date :<\/strong> vers 2500 av. J.-C., IV<sup>e<\/sup> dynastie \u2013 attribu\u00e9 le plus souvent au r\u00e8gne de Kh\u00e9phren<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technique :<\/strong> taill\u00e9 directement dans le calcaire du plateau, compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par des blocs<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dimensions :<\/strong> environ 73 m de long, 20 m de haut, 19 m de large<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mouvement :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/movement\/ancient-art\/\">Art antique<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lieu :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/museum\/giza-egypt\/\">plateau de Gizeh, \u00c9gypte<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Une sculpture taill\u00e9e dans la montagne<\/h2>\n<p>Le Grand Sphinx n&rsquo;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 construit : il a \u00e9t\u00e9 sculpt\u00e9. Les b\u00e2tisseurs de l&rsquo;Ancien Empire ont d\u00e9gag\u00e9, dans le calcaire du plateau de Gizeh, un \u00e9norme bloc de roche naturelle qu&rsquo;ils ont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 en lion couch\u00e9 \u00e0 t\u00eate humaine. Certaines parties, notamment les pattes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compl\u00e9t\u00e9es par des blocs de pierre.<\/p>\n<p>C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;une des plus grandes sculptures monumentales de l&rsquo;Antiquit\u00e9, et la plus ancienne grande statue connue d&rsquo;\u00c9gypte. Le calcaire n&rsquo;\u00e9tant pas homog\u00e8ne, les couches les plus tendres, au niveau du corps, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 beaucoup plus \u00e9rod\u00e9es que la t\u00eate, taill\u00e9e dans une roche plus dure.<\/p>\n<h2>Le Sphinx de Kh\u00e9phren ?<\/h2>\n<p>Le Sphinx fait partie de l&rsquo;ensemble fun\u00e9raire du pharaon Kh\u00e9phren, le constructeur de la deuxi\u00e8me pyramide de Gizeh. Il se dresse \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de son temple de la Vall\u00e9e, au d\u00e9part de la chauss\u00e9e qui monte vers sa pyramide. La plupart des \u00e9gyptologues pensent donc que Kh\u00e9phren l&rsquo;a fait sculpter, vers 2500 av. J.-C., et que le visage est le sien. Mais aucun texte de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque ne le dit explicitement. D&rsquo;autres ont propos\u00e9 son p\u00e8re, Kh\u00e9ops, ou son fr\u00e8re, Dj\u00e9defr\u00ea ; la question reste discut\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Le Sphinx regarde vers l&rsquo;est, vers le soleil levant. Plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9 au dieu solaire Horus, sous le nom d&rsquo;Horemakhet, \u00ab Horus dans l&rsquo;horizon \u00bb.<\/p>\n<h2>Le r\u00eave du prince Thoutm\u00f4sis<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00e8s l&rsquo;Antiquit\u00e9, le sable n&rsquo;a cess\u00e9 de recouvrir le Sphinx. Vers 1400 av. J.-C., un prince, le futur pharaon Thoutm\u00f4sis IV, s&rsquo;endort \u00e0 l&rsquo;ombre de la statue, selon la l\u00e9gende qu&rsquo;il fait graver. Le Sphinx lui appara\u00eet en r\u00eave et lui promet le tr\u00f4ne s&rsquo;il le lib\u00e8re du sable. Devenu roi, Thoutm\u00f4sis le fait d\u00e9gager et fait dresser entre ses pattes une grande st\u00e8le de granit, la \u00ab st\u00e8le du R\u00eave \u00bb, qui est toujours en place. Des travaux de restauration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entrepris \u00e0 son \u00e9poque.<\/p>\n<h2>Symbolisme et d\u00e9tails \u00e0 observer<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Le n\u00e9m\u00e8s.<\/strong> La t\u00eate porte la coiffe ray\u00e9e des pharaons, le <em>n\u00e9m\u00e8s<\/em>, qui retombe sur les \u00e9paules. Elle d\u00e9signe un roi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le corps de lion.<\/strong> Couch\u00e9, les pattes allong\u00e9es, il associe la force du lion \u00e0 l&rsquo;intelligence humaine. Le Sphinx est \u00e0 la fois repos et vigilance : un gardien.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le nez et la barbe.<\/strong> Le nez a disparu depuis longtemps. Selon l&rsquo;historien \u00e9gyptien al-Maqrizi, il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 mutil\u00e9 au XIV<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle par un religieux qui voyait dans la statue une idole. La l\u00e9gende qui accuse les soldats de Napol\u00e9on est sans fondement : des dessins plus anciens montrent d\u00e9j\u00e0 le visage sans nez. Le Sphinx portait aussi une barbe de pharaon, ajout\u00e9e sans doute plus tard ; des fragments en ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9s au pied de la statue.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les couleurs.<\/strong> Il ne faut pas imaginer le Sphinx gris. Des traces de pigment rouge ont \u00e9t\u00e9 relev\u00e9es sur son visage : il \u00e9tait, comme la plupart des sculptures \u00e9gyptiennes, peint.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le temple voisin.<\/strong> Juste devant le Sphinx se trouvent les vestiges d&rsquo;un temple qui lui \u00e9tait associ\u00e9, et, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9, le temple de la Vall\u00e9e de Kh\u00e9phren, aux \u00e9normes blocs de granit rose.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u00e9ritage et influence<\/h2>\n<p>Les Grecs ont emprunt\u00e9 la figure du sphinx, mais en ont fait un monstre f\u00e9minin, celui qui pose des \u00e9nigmes \u00e0 \u0152dipe. Les voyageurs de l&rsquo;Antiquit\u00e9, puis les savants de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9dition d&rsquo;\u00c9gypte men\u00e9e par Bonaparte en 1798, ont dessin\u00e9 et d\u00e9crit le Sphinx, contribuant \u00e0 faire na\u00eetre en Europe la passion pour l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne. Les sphinx ornent depuis jardins, palais et monuments, jusque dans l&rsquo;architecture du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle et l&rsquo;Art d\u00e9co.<\/p>\n<p>Avec les <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/moai\/\">moa\u00ef<\/a> de l&rsquo;\u00eele de P\u00e2ques ou la <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/statue-de-la-liberte\/\">statue de la Libert\u00e9<\/a>, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;une des grandes figures colossales qui ont marqu\u00e9 l&rsquo;imaginaire mondial.<\/p>\n<h2>Et en France ?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Mariette et le drapeau tricolore.<\/strong> Au milieu du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, l&rsquo;arch\u00e9ologue fran\u00e7ais Auguste Mariette, futur fondateur du Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte, fouille autour du Sphinx et met au jour le temple de la Vall\u00e9e de Kh\u00e9phren. Une photographie prise en 1853 par John Beasley Greene montre les fouilles en cours \u2013 et, sur la t\u00eate du Sphinx, un m\u00e2t o\u00f9 flotte le drapeau tricolore. Image \u00e9tonnante, qui rappelle \u00e0 quel point l&rsquo;arch\u00e9ologie \u00e9gyptienne fut alors une affaire fran\u00e7aise. En 1858, Mariette d\u00e9gage une partie du sable qui recouvre la statue.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Baraize, l&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur qui a lib\u00e9r\u00e9 le Sphinx.<\/strong> De 1925 \u00e0 1936, l&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur fran\u00e7ais \u00c9mile Baraize, directeur des travaux du Service des antiquit\u00e9s, d\u00e9gage compl\u00e8tement le Sphinx de son sable, le consolide et explore ses abords. Il d\u00e9couvre m\u00eame un tunnel creus\u00e9 dans sa croupe. C&rsquo;est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces travaux que nous voyons aujourd&rsquo;hui le Sphinx en entier.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Un sphinx au Louvre.<\/strong> Pour voir un grand sphinx \u00e9gyptien sans aller en \u00c9gypte, il faut descendre dans la crypte du Sphinx, au mus\u00e9e du Louvre. Le <em>Grand Sphinx de Tanis<\/em>, en granit rose, long de pr\u00e8s de cinq m\u00e8tres, a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvert en 1825 dans les ruines du temple d&rsquo;Amon \u00e0 Tanis, dans le delta du Nil. Plusieurs pharaons y ont fait graver leur nom au fil des si\u00e8cles, mais il pourrait remonter \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ancien Empire, l&rsquo;\u00e9poque m\u00eame du Grand Sphinx de Gizeh. Il est expos\u00e9 depuis le milieu des ann\u00e9es 1930 dans cette crypte am\u00e9nag\u00e9e pour lui. Dans les m\u00eames salles des Antiquit\u00e9s, ne manquez pas les chefs-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre grecs que sont la <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/venus-de-milo\/\">V\u00e9nus de Milo<\/a> et la <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/victoire-de-samothrace\/\">Victoire de Samothrace<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>O\u00f9 voir l&rsquo;\u0153uvre aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/h2>\n<p>Le Grand Sphinx se trouve sur le plateau de Gizeh, \u00e0 la lisi\u00e8re ouest du Caire, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 des pyramides de Kh\u00e9ops, Kh\u00e9phren et Myk\u00e9rinos. Le site fait partie de \u00ab Memphis et sa n\u00e9cropole \u00bb, inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l&rsquo;UNESCO depuis 1979.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Horaires et billets :<\/strong> les conditions d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s au plateau \u00e9voluent ; v\u00e9rifiez-les sur les sites officiels avant votre visite.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Venez t\u00f4t le matin :<\/strong> la lumi\u00e8re du soleil levant \u00e9claire le visage du Sphinx, tourn\u00e9 vers l&rsquo;est, et il fait moins chaud.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Visitez le temple de la Vall\u00e9e<\/strong> de Kh\u00e9phren, juste \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 : il permet de comprendre la place du Sphinx dans l&rsquo;ensemble fun\u00e9raire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le Grand Mus\u00e9e \u00e9gyptien,<\/strong> inaugur\u00e9 le 1<sup>er<\/sup> novembre 2025 et ouvert au public depuis le 4 novembre 2025, se trouve \u00e0 environ deux kilom\u00e8tres des pyramides. Il pr\u00e9sente pour la premi\u00e8re fois ensemble les tr\u00e9sors de Tout\u00e2nkhamon. Les billets s&rsquo;ach\u00e8tent uniquement en ligne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n<h3>Qui a fait sculpter le Grand Sphinx ?<\/h3>\n<p>La plupart des \u00e9gyptologues l&rsquo;attribuent au pharaon Kh\u00e9phren, vers 2500 av. J.-C., en raison de sa place dans son ensemble fun\u00e9raire. Aucun texte de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque ne le confirme.<\/p>\n<h3>Pourquoi le Sphinx n&rsquo;a-t-il plus de nez ?<\/h3>\n<p>Selon l&rsquo;historien al-Maqrizi, il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 mutil\u00e9 au XIV<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. L&rsquo;accusation contre les soldats de Napol\u00e9on est une l\u00e9gende : des dessins plus anciens montrent d\u00e9j\u00e0 le visage sans nez.<\/p>\n<h3>Le Sphinx \u00e9tait-il peint ?<\/h3>\n<p>Oui. Des traces de pigment rouge ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9es sur son visage. Comme la plupart des sculptures \u00e9gyptiennes, il \u00e9tait color\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Qui a d\u00e9gag\u00e9 le Sphinx du sable ?<\/h3>\n<p>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9gag\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises au cours de l&rsquo;histoire, d\u00e8s l&rsquo;Antiquit\u00e9. Les Fran\u00e7ais Auguste Mariette, au XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, puis \u00c9mile Baraize, entre 1925 et 1936, ont jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le d\u00e9cisif dans son d\u00e9gagement moderne.<\/p>\n<h3>Peut-on voir un sphinx \u00e9gyptien \u00e0 Paris ?<\/h3>\n<p>Oui, le Grand Sphinx de Tanis, en granit rose, est expos\u00e9 dans la crypte du Sphinx, au mus\u00e9e du Louvre.<\/p>\n<p>Le Sphinx a vu passer des pharaons, des Grecs, des Romains, des sultans et des savants de Bonaparte. Le sable l&rsquo;a recouvert et d\u00e9couvert, un religieux lui a \u00f4t\u00e9 son nez, des Fran\u00e7ais lui ont rendu son corps. Il regarde toujours vers l&rsquo;est, vers le soleil qui se l\u00e8ve, comme il le fait depuis plus de quatre mille cinq cents ans.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Image : Grand Sphinx de Gizeh et pyramide de Myk\u00e9rinos. Licence : domaine public. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sphinx_with_the_third_pyramid.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pendant des si\u00e8cles, le Grand Sphinx de Gizeh n&rsquo;a \u00e9t\u00e9 qu&rsquo;une t\u00eate \u00e9mergeant du d\u00e9sert, le corps enfoui sous le sable. Ce sont en grande partie des Fran\u00e7ais qui l&rsquo;en ont sorti. En 1853, sur une photographie prise pendant les fouilles d&rsquo;Auguste Mariette, un drapeau tricolore flotte sur sa t\u00eate. Entre 1925 et 1936, l&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":696,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1620],"tags":[3315,3307,3314,3310,3309,3306,3312,3313,3311,3308],"artist":[1704],"movement":[1705],"museum":[3305],"class_list":["post-701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sculpture","tag-antiquite","tag-art-ancien","tag-art-monumental","tag-egypte-antique","tag-gizeh","tag-grand-sphinx-de-gizeh","tag-khephren","tag-necropole-de-memphis","tag-patrimoine-mondial-unesco","tag-sculpture-egyptienne","artist-unknown","movement-ancient-art","museum-giza-egypt"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Grand Sphinx de Gizeh : nez, sable et drapeau fran\u00e7ais<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le Grand Sphinx de Gizeh, taill\u00e9 dans la roche, a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sensabl\u00e9 par des Fran\u00e7ais. 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