{"id":869,"date":"2026-07-17T05:18:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-17T05:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/arrangement-en-gris-et-noir-n-1-la-mere-de-whistler\/"},"modified":"2026-10-10T08:52:05","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T08:52:05","slug":"arrangement-en-gris-et-noir-n-1-la-mere-de-whistler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/arrangement-en-gris-et-noir-n-1-la-mere-de-whistler\/","title":{"rendered":"Arrangement en gris et noir n\u00b0 1 \u2013 La M\u00e8re de Whistler, \u00ab l&rsquo;antichambre du Louvre \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>Le 30 novembre 1891, l&rsquo;\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais ach\u00e8te \u00e0 James McNeill Whistler un tableau que le document officiel d\u00e9crit simplement comme le \u00ab portrait d&rsquo;une dame \u00e2g\u00e9e \u00bb. Prix : 4 000 francs, bien moins que ce qu&rsquo;esp\u00e9rait le peintre. Mais Whistler accepte, parce que son ami le po\u00e8te St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 lui promet que le mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg n&rsquo;est que l&rsquo;\u00ab antichambre \u00bb du Louvre. Il avait raison : trente-quatre ans plus tard, La M\u00e8re de Whistler devenait la premi\u00e8re \u0153uvre d&rsquo;un artiste am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 entrer au Louvre. L&rsquo;ic\u00f4ne la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre de l&rsquo;art am\u00e9ricain est, depuis plus d&rsquo;un si\u00e8cle, une \u0153uvre fran\u00e7aise.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>En bref<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artiste :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/artist\/james-mcneill-whistler\/\">James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Date :<\/strong> 1871<\/li>\n<li><strong>Titre complet :<\/strong> <em>Arrangement en gris et noir n\u00b0 1, dit aussi Portrait de la m\u00e8re de l&rsquo;artiste<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Technique :<\/strong> huile sur toile, dans un cadre dessin\u00e9 par Whistler<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dimensions :<\/strong> 144,3 \u00d7 162,5 cm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mouvement :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/movement\/realism\/\">R\u00e9alisme<\/a> \u2013 esth\u00e9tisme<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lieu de conservation :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/museum\/musee-dorsay-paris\/\">mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, Paris<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Un \u00ab arrangement \u00bb, pas un portrait<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 1871, dans son atelier de Chelsea, \u00e0 Londres, Whistler peint sa m\u00e8re, Anna McNeill Whistler, alors \u00e2g\u00e9e de soixante-sept ans. Selon une histoire racont\u00e9e plus tard, il attendait un autre mod\u00e8le, qui ne serait pas venu ; sa m\u00e8re aurait accept\u00e9 de poser \u00e0 sa place, et, fatigu\u00e9e de rester debout, aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 install\u00e9e sur une chaise. Rien ne permet de le v\u00e9rifier, mais le tableau ne ressemble en rien \u00e0 un portrait de famille sentimental.<\/p>\n<p>Whistler, en effet, refuse que la peinture raconte une histoire ou d\u00e9livre un message moral. Pour lui, un tableau doit \u00eatre une harmonie de formes et de couleurs, comme une pi\u00e8ce de musique. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 ses titres : <em>Symphonie<\/em>, <em>Nocturne<\/em>, <em>Arrangement<\/em>. Lorsqu&rsquo;il expose la toile \u00e0 la Royal Academy de Londres, en 1872, il l&rsquo;intitule <em>Arrangement en gris et noir<\/em>, en ajoutant <em>Portrait de la m\u00e8re du peintre<\/em> pour un public qui n&rsquo;aurait pas compris. C&rsquo;est ce sous-titre qui a donn\u00e9 au tableau son surnom universel.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;ann\u00e9e suivante, l&rsquo;historien Thomas Carlyle pose \u00e0 son tour dans une composition tr\u00e8s proche, qui devient l&rsquo;<em>Arrangement en gris et noir n\u00b0 2<\/em>. Le portrait de la m\u00e8re prend alors le num\u00e9ro 1.<\/p>\n<h2>Symbolisme et d\u00e9tails \u00e0 observer<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Le profil.<\/strong> Anna Whistler est assise de profil, immobile, les mains jointes sur un mouchoir, le regard perdu devant elle. Ce profil strict, presque comme sur une m\u00e9daille, donne au tableau sa gravit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La palette.<\/strong> Gris, noir, blanc : les couleurs se r\u00e9duisent \u00e0 quelques tons neutres. Seuls le visage, les mains et la coiffe de dentelle apportent un peu de lumi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie.<\/strong> Le tableau est construit avec des rectangles : le mur, le cadre accroch\u00e9, le rideau sombre \u00e0 gauche, le repose-pieds. La silhouette de la femme se d\u00e9coupe sur ces lignes droites.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le tableau dans le tableau.<\/strong> Au mur, un petit cadre noir et blanc montre une vue de la Tamise : c&rsquo;est une gravure de Whistler lui-m\u00eame. Le peintre fait ainsi entrer son propre travail dans le portrait.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le papillon.<\/strong> En haut du rideau, \u00e0 gauche, on peut discerner le monogramme de Whistler, un papillon stylis\u00e9, qui lui servait de signature.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le Japon.<\/strong> Les grands aplats, le rideau \u00e0 motifs et la composition \u00e9pur\u00e9e doivent beaucoup aux estampes japonaises, que Whistler collectionnait, comme celles de l&rsquo;auteur de <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-grande-vague-de-kanagawa\/\">La Grande Vague de Kanagawa<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Un tableau mis en gage<\/h2>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s son exposition \u00e0 Londres, le tableau ne trouve pas d&rsquo;acheteur. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1870, Whistler, ruin\u00e9 apr\u00e8s un proc\u00e8s retentissant contre le critique John Ruskin, le met en gage. Ce n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1890 que sa carri\u00e8re se redresse. En avril 1891, la ville de Glasgow ach\u00e8te le portrait de Carlyle. Son marchand, David Croal Thomson, lui conseille alors de proposer le portrait de sa m\u00e8re au mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg, le mus\u00e9e parisien des artistes vivants.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c0 propos de James McNeill Whistler<\/h2>\n<p>Whistler na\u00eet en 1834 \u00e0 Lowell, dans le Massachusetts, et passe une partie de son enfance en Russie, o\u00f9 son p\u00e8re, ing\u00e9nieur, construit une ligne de chemin de fer. Apr\u00e8s un passage \u00e0 l&rsquo;acad\u00e9mie militaire de West Point, il s&rsquo;installe \u00e0 Paris en 1855, se forme dans l&rsquo;atelier du peintre Charles Gleyre et se lie avec Courbet, Fantin-Latour et Manet. Puis il s&rsquo;\u00e9tablit \u00e0 Londres, o\u00f9 il passera l&rsquo;essentiel de sa vie.<\/p>\n<p>Esth\u00e8te, dandy, pol\u00e9miste redout\u00e9, il d\u00e9fend l&rsquo;id\u00e9e de \u00ab l&rsquo;art pour l&rsquo;art \u00bb. Ses <em>Nocturnes<\/em>, vues brumeuses de la Tamise la nuit, annoncent la peinture moderne. Il meurt \u00e0 Londres en 1903.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u00e9ritage et influence<\/h2>\n<p>Au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1930, le tableau traverse l&rsquo;Atlantique pour une tourn\u00e9e triomphale aux \u00c9tats-Unis. En 1934, il inspire un timbre de la poste am\u00e9ricaine pour la f\u00eate des m\u00e8res. Il devient l&rsquo;une des images les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres \u2013 et les plus parodi\u00e9es \u2013 de l&rsquo;art am\u00e9ricain, jusqu&rsquo;au film comique <em>Bean<\/em> (1997), dont l&rsquo;intrigue tourne autour de ce tableau.<\/p>\n<p>Sa sobri\u00e9t\u00e9, son silence et sa rigueur ont aussi annonc\u00e9 une peinture plus d\u00e9pouill\u00e9e, et l&rsquo;on a souvent rapproch\u00e9 la solitude de ses int\u00e9rieurs de celle des toiles d&rsquo;Edward Hopper.<\/p>\n<h2>Et en France ?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00ab L&rsquo;antichambre du Louvre \u00bb.<\/strong> La M\u00e8re de Whistler est une histoire fran\u00e7aise. Le po\u00e8te St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9, ami du peintre, et plusieurs figures du monde politique et artistique \u2013 dont le critique Th\u00e9odore Duret, l&rsquo;\u00e9crivain Roger Marx et Georges Clemenceau \u2013 s&#8217;emploient \u00e0 convaincre l&rsquo;\u00c9tat de l&rsquo;acheter. Le 30 novembre 1891, l&rsquo;achat est conclu pour 4 000 francs. Whistler accepte ce prix modeste parce qu&rsquo;il tient \u00e0 voir son \u0153uvre entrer dans un mus\u00e9e national. Mallarm\u00e9 le rassure : le tableau est bien destin\u00e9 au Louvre, le Luxembourg n&rsquo;en est que l&rsquo;antichambre.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Du Luxembourg \u00e0 Orsay.<\/strong> Le tableau entre au mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg le 14 d\u00e9cembre 1891, passe en 1922 au Jeu de Paume, puis entre au mus\u00e9e du Louvre en 1925-1926 : c&rsquo;est la premi\u00e8re \u0153uvre d&rsquo;un artiste am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 y \u00eatre expos\u00e9e. En 1986, il rejoint le nouveau mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;art de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. Clemenceau, qui avait soutenu l&rsquo;achat, sera aussi l&rsquo;artisan du don des <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/nympheas\/\">Nymph\u00e9as<\/a> de Monet \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Whistler, peintre parisien.<\/strong> Whistler a \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris. En 1863, son tableau <em>Symphonie en blanc n\u00b0 1<\/em> a fait sensation au Salon des refus\u00e9s, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/le-dejeuner-sur-lherbe\/\">D\u00e9jeuner sur l&rsquo;herbe<\/a> de Manet. On le voit aussi au centre de l&rsquo;<em>Hommage \u00e0 Delacroix<\/em> de Fantin-Latour, conserv\u00e9 au mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de Manet et de Baudelaire. En 2022, le mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay a accueilli une exposition de portraits de Whistler venus de la Frick Collection de New York.<\/p>\n<h2>O\u00f9 voir l&rsquo;\u0153uvre aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/h2>\n<p><em>La M\u00e8re de Whistler<\/em> appartient au <strong>mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay<\/strong>, \u00e0 Paris.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00eat r\u00e9cent :<\/strong> le tableau a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00eat\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tate Britain, \u00e0 Londres, pour la grande exposition Whistler pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e du 21 mai au 27 septembre 2026. Avant votre visite, v\u00e9rifiez sur le site du mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay qu&rsquo;il a bien retrouv\u00e9 ses cimaises.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Horaires :<\/strong> le mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement ouvert du mardi au dimanche, avec une nocturne le jeudi, et ferm\u00e9 le lundi. R\u00e9servez en ligne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dans le m\u00eame mus\u00e9e :<\/strong> l&rsquo;<em>Hommage \u00e0 Delacroix<\/em> de Fantin-Latour, o\u00f9 figure Whistler, l&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/olympia\/\">Olympia<\/a> de Manet et <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/fr\/la-nuit-etoilee-sur-le-rhone\/\">La Nuit \u00e9toil\u00e9e sur le Rh\u00f4ne<\/a> de Van Gogh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n<h3>Quel est le vrai titre du tableau ?<\/h3>\n<p><em>Arrangement en gris et noir n\u00b0 1<\/em>. Le sous-titre \u00ab Portrait de la m\u00e8re de l&rsquo;artiste \u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 ajout\u00e9 pour le public et a donn\u00e9 le surnom de \u00ab La M\u00e8re de Whistler \u00bb.<\/p>\n<h3>Pourquoi le tableau est-il en France ?<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais l&rsquo;a achet\u00e9 \u00e0 Whistler le 30 novembre 1891 pour 4 000 francs, pour le mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg, gr\u00e2ce notamment \u00e0 St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 et \u00e0 ses amis.<\/p>\n<h3>Le tableau a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9 au Louvre ?<\/h3>\n<p>Oui, de 1925-1926 \u00e0 1986. C&rsquo;\u00e9tait la premi\u00e8re \u0153uvre d&rsquo;un artiste am\u00e9ricain expos\u00e9e au Louvre. Il est au mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay depuis 1986.<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que le cadre accroch\u00e9 au mur ?<\/h3>\n<p>Une vue de la Tamise grav\u00e9e par Whistler lui-m\u00eame : le peintre glisse ainsi son \u0153uvre dans le portrait.<\/p>\n<h3>Le tableau voyage-t-il ?<\/h3>\n<p>Rarement. En 2026, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00eat\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tate Britain de Londres pour une exposition Whistler. V\u00e9rifiez sa pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 Orsay avant votre visite.<\/p>\n<p>Whistler voulait peindre une harmonie de gris et de noir ; le monde y a vu une m\u00e8re. Un po\u00e8te fran\u00e7ais lui avait promis le Louvre, et la promesse a \u00e9t\u00e9 tenue. Plus d&rsquo;un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la plus am\u00e9ricaine des ic\u00f4nes est toujours chez elle \u00e0 Paris.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Image : Arrangement en gris et noir n\u00b0 1 (La M\u00e8re de Whistler) \u2013 James McNeill Whistler, 1871, mus\u00e9e d&rsquo;Orsay, Paris. Licence : domaine public. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le 30 novembre 1891, l&rsquo;\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais ach\u00e8te \u00e0 James McNeill Whistler un tableau que le document officiel d\u00e9crit simplement comme le \u00ab portrait d&rsquo;une dame \u00e2g\u00e9e \u00bb. Prix : 4 000 francs, bien moins que ce qu&rsquo;esp\u00e9rait le peintre. Mais Whistler accepte, parce que son ami le po\u00e8te St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 lui promet que le mus\u00e9e&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":864,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[472],"tags":[3955,3956,3919,3951,2366,2841,3954,587,3952,477],"artist":[3948],"movement":[3949],"museum":[2389],"class_list":["post-869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-peinture","tag-arrangement-en-gris-et-noir","tag-art-occidental","tag-james-mcneill-whistler","tag-la-mere-de-whistler","tag-musee-dorsay","tag-peinture-a-lhuile","tag-peinture-americaine","tag-portrait","tag-realisme","tag-xixe-siecle","artist-james-mcneill-whistler","movement-realism","museum-musee-dorsay-paris"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La M\u00e8re de Whistler : achet\u00e9e par la France en 1891<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La M\u00e8re de Whistler, peinte \u00e0 Londres en 1871, a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e par la France pour 4 000 francs. 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