{"id":1256,"date":"2026-08-22T05:19:02","date_gmt":"2026-08-22T05:19:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/mysliwi-na-sniegu\/"},"modified":"2026-09-16T20:17:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T20:17:45","slug":"mysliwi-na-sniegu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/mysliwi-na-sniegu\/","title":{"rendered":"My\u015bliwi na \u015bniegu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>To nie jest ogie\u0144 dla ciep\u0142a. Przed karczm\u0105 po lewej stronie grupa ludzi opala \u015bwi\u0144skie szczecin\u0119 nad p\u0142omieniem \u2014 trwa \u015bwiniobicie, doroczny rytua\u0142 pocz\u0105tku zimy. Szyld nad nimi, przedstawiaj\u0105cy \u015bwi\u0119tego Huberta z jeleniem, zwisa na jednym zawiasie. Karczma nazywa\u0142a si\u0119 \u201ePod Jeleniem&#8221; i nazwa ta, przy my\u015bliwych wracaj\u0105cych z pustymi r\u0119kami, brzmi jak drwina.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Najwa\u017cniejsze fakty<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artysta:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/artist\/pieter-bruegel-the-elder\/\">Pieter Bruegel Starszy (ok. 1525\u20131569)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Tytu\u0142 niderlandzki:<\/strong> <em>De jagers in de sneeuw<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Rok:<\/strong> 1565<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technika:<\/strong> olej na desce d\u0119bowej<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wymiary:<\/strong> 117 \u00d7 162 cm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nurt:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/movement\/northern-renaissance\/\">renesans p\u00f3\u0142nocny<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lokalizacja:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/museum\/kunsthistorisches-museum-vienna\/\">Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wiede\u0144<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Co czyni ten obraz wyj\u0105tkowym?<\/h2>\n<p>Bruegel namalowa\u0142 zimno. Nie zim\u0119 jako temat, tylko fizyczne wra\u017cenie mrozu.<\/p>\n<p>Robi to kilkoma \u015brodkami naraz. <strong>Paleta jest niemal monochromatyczna<\/strong> \u2014 biel, zielonkawe szaro\u015bci, czer\u0144 drzew, zgaszone br\u0105zy. Niebo ma barw\u0119 \u017c\u00f3\u0142tozielonkaw\u0105, charakterystyczn\u0105 dla dnia przed kolejnym \u015bniegiem.<\/p>\n<p>Kompozycja prowadzi wzrok po przek\u0105tnej: od my\u015bliwych w lewym g\u00f3rnym rogu, przez rytm pni drzew, w d\u00f3\u0142 ku dolinie i dalej ku odleg\u0142ym g\u00f3rom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Punkt widzenia jest wysoki<\/strong> \u2014 patrzymy z g\u00f3ry, jakby\u015bmy stali na grzbiecie wzg\u00f3rza razem z my\u015bliwymi. To rozwi\u0105zanie, kt\u00f3re Bruegel stosowa\u0142 konsekwentnie i kt\u00f3re daje wra\u017cenie ogarni\u0119cia ca\u0142ego \u015bwiata jednym spojrzeniem.<\/p>\n<p>Warto zauwa\u017cy\u0107 g\u00f3ry w tle. <strong>W Niderlandach takich g\u00f3r nie ma.<\/strong> Bruegel przywi\u00f3z\u0142 je z podr\u00f3\u017cy przez Alpy i wkomponowywa\u0142 w p\u0142aski krajobraz niderlandzki przez ca\u0142e \u017cycie.<\/p>\n<h2>Cykl Miesi\u0105ce<\/h2>\n<p>Obraz nie jest samodzielny. To cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 serii.<\/p>\n<p>W 1565 roku antwerpski kupiec i bankier <strong>Niclaes Jongelinck<\/strong> zam\u00f3wi\u0142 u Bruegla cykl przedstawiaj\u0105cy pory roku, do swojego podmiejskiego domu.<\/p>\n<p>Dzi\u015b przyjmuje si\u0119, \u017ce obraz\u00f3w by\u0142o <strong>sze\u015b\u0107<\/strong> \u2014 ka\u017cdy obejmowa\u0142 dwa miesi\u0105ce. Zachowa\u0142o si\u0119 pi\u0119\u0107:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ponury dzie\u0144<\/strong> (luty\u2013marzec) \u2014 Wiede\u0144<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sianokosy<\/strong> (czerwiec\u2013lipiec) \u2014 Praga, Pa\u0142ac Lobkowicz\u00f3w<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u017bniwa<\/strong> (sierpie\u0144\u2013wrzesie\u0144) \u2014 Nowy Jork, Metropolitan Museum<\/li>\n<li><strong>Powr\u00f3t stada<\/strong> (pa\u017adziernik\u2013listopad) \u2014 Wiede\u0144<\/li>\n<li><strong>My\u015bliwi na \u015bniegu<\/strong> (grudzie\u0144\u2013stycze\u0144) \u2014 Wiede\u0144<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sz\u00f3sty, obejmuj\u0105cy kwiecie\u0144 i maj, zagin\u0105\u0142.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Los kolekcji by\u0142 burzliwy.<\/strong> Jongelinck wkr\u00f3tce popad\u0142 w k\u0142opoty finansowe i zastawi\u0142 obrazy jako zabezpieczenie d\u0142ugu. W 1566 roku przej\u0119\u0142o je miasto Antwerpia. Stamt\u0105d trafi\u0142y do Habsburg\u00f3w i wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 osiad\u0142a w Wiedniu.<\/p>\n<h2>Na co zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 uwag\u0119<\/h2>\n<p><strong>My\u015bliwi.<\/strong> Trzej m\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani schodz\u0105 ze wzg\u00f3rza. Id\u0105 pochyleni, powoli. <strong>Ca\u0142y ich \u0142up to jeden lis<\/strong>, przewieszony przez plecy jednego z nich. Polowanie si\u0119 nie uda\u0142o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Psy.<\/strong> Trzyna\u015bcie ps\u00f3w, chudych, z opuszczonymi g\u0142owami i ogonami. Namalowane s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie zm\u0119czone jak ludzie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ptaki na ga\u0142\u0119ziach.<\/strong> To nie sroki, tylko <strong>wrony i kawki<\/strong> \u2014 czarne, kojarzone z zim\u0105 i \u015bmierci\u0105. Jedna leci nad dolin\u0105, tworz\u0105c naturalny \u0142\u0105cznik mi\u0119dzy pierwszym planem a t\u0142em.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u015awiniobicie.<\/strong> Przed karczm\u0105 grupa osmala \u015bwini\u0119 nad ogniem. To listopadowo-grudniowa praca, wykonywana przed nadej\u015bciem mrozu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Szyld.<\/strong> Przedstawia \u015bwi\u0119tego Huberta \u2014 patrona my\u015bliwych \u2014 z jeleniem i krzy\u017cem mi\u0119dzy rogami. Napis g\u0142osi \u201ePod Jeleniem&#8221;. <strong>Szyld wisi krzywo, na jednym mocowaniu.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0141y\u017cwiarze.<\/strong> Na dw\u00f3ch zamarzni\u0119tych stawach kilkadziesi\u0105t postaci: dzieci, gracze w co\u015b przypominaj\u0105cego curling, kto\u015b przewracaj\u0105cy si\u0119. To naj\u017cywszy fragment obrazu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Po\u017car.<\/strong> Po prawej, w oddali, z komina bije ogie\u0144, a ludzie biegn\u0105 z drabin\u0105. <strong>Pali si\u0119 dom.<\/strong> \u0141atwo to przeoczy\u0107.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u0142yn wodny.<\/strong> Poni\u017cej, po prawej \u2014 ko\u0142o zamarzni\u0119te, oblodzone, unieruchomione.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kobieta z chrustem.<\/strong> Na mostku, przechodzi z wi\u0105zk\u0105 ga\u0142\u0119zi na plecach. Jeszcze jedna osoba przy zimowej pracy.<\/p>\n<h2>Kontekst historyczny<\/h2>\n<p>Rok 1565 by\u0142 w Niderlandach czasem narastaj\u0105cego napi\u0119cia. Kraj znajdowa\u0142 si\u0119 pod panowaniem hiszpa\u0144skim, ros\u0142y konflikty religijne, a rok p\u00f3\u017aniej wybuch\u0142 obrazoburczy bunt i pocz\u0105tek wojny osiemdziesi\u0119cioletniej.<\/p>\n<p>By\u0142 to te\u017c szczyt tak zwanej <strong>ma\u0142ej epoki lodowej<\/strong>. Zima 1564\u20131565 by\u0142a w Europie jedn\u0105 z najostrzejszych w tamtym stuleciu \u2014 rzeki i kana\u0142y zamarza\u0142y na miesi\u0105ce, l\u00f3d potrafi\u0142 utrzyma\u0107 wozy.<\/p>\n<p>To dlatego zimowe pejza\u017ce pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 w malarstwie niderlandzkim dopiero wtedy. <strong>Bruegel praktycznie wynalaz\u0142 ten gatunek<\/strong>, a jego na\u015bladowcy rozwijali go przez nast\u0119pne stulecie.<\/p>\n<p>Warto doda\u0107, \u017ce obraz nie jest dokumentem konkretnego miejsca. Bruegel z\u0142o\u017cy\u0142 go z element\u00f3w: niderlandzka wie\u015b, alpejskie szczyty, wymy\u015blona topografia.<\/p>\n<h2>O Pieterze Brueglu Starszym<\/h2>\n<p>Urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 oko\u0142o 1525 roku, prawdopodobnie w okolicach Bredy. Kszta\u0142ci\u0142 si\u0119 w Antwerpii, w 1551 roku zosta\u0142 mistrzem w tamtejszej gildii \u015bwi\u0119tego \u0141ukasza.<\/p>\n<p>W latach 1552\u20131554 odby\u0142 podr\u00f3\u017c do W\u0142och, docieraj\u0105c a\u017c na Sycyli\u0119. <strong>W\u0142oskie malarstwo zrobi\u0142o na nim mniejsze wra\u017cenie ni\u017c Alpy<\/strong>, kt\u00f3re przemierzy\u0142 w drodze tam i z powrotem.<\/p>\n<p>Przydomek \u201eCh\u0142opski Bruegel&#8221; utrwali\u0142 si\u0119 przez jego sceny wiejskie, ale to okre\u015blenie myl\u0105ce. <strong>Kupowali go bogaci mieszczanie i uczeni humani\u015bci<\/strong>, nie ch\u0142opi \u2014 a on sam by\u0142 cz\u0142owiekiem wykszta\u0142conym, obracaj\u0105cym si\u0119 w kr\u0119gach antwerpskiej elity intelektualnej.<\/p>\n<p>Zmar\u0142 w 1569 roku, maj\u0105c oko\u0142o czterdziestu czterech lat. Zachowa\u0142o si\u0119 oko\u0142o czterdziestu pi\u0119ciu jego obraz\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Obaj synowie zostali malarzami: <strong>Pieter M\u0142odszy<\/strong> kopiowa\u0142 dzie\u0142a ojca, a <strong>Jan<\/strong>, zwany Aksamitnym, wyrobi\u0142 sobie w\u0142asn\u0105 pozycj\u0119.<\/p>\n<h2>Dziedzictwo i wp\u0142yw<\/h2>\n<p>Zimowy pejza\u017c jako gatunek zaczyna si\u0119 tutaj. <strong>Hendrick Avercamp<\/strong> zbudowa\u0142 na nim ca\u0142\u0105 karier\u0119, a motyw \u0142y\u017cwiarzy na zamarzni\u0119tym kanale sta\u0142 si\u0119 jednym ze znak\u00f3w rozpoznawczych malarstwa holenderskiego.<\/p>\n<p>W kinie obraz ma szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 pozycj\u0119. <strong>Andriej Tarkowski umie\u015bci\u0142 go w \u201eSolaris&#8221;<\/strong> z 1972 roku \u2014 bohaterowie ogl\u0105daj\u0105 go w kosmicznej stacji jako obraz Ziemi, do kt\u00f3rej nie mog\u0105 wr\u00f3ci\u0107. Kamera przesuwa si\u0119 po detalach przez kilka minut.<\/p>\n<p>Lars von Trier powt\u00f3rzy\u0142 ten gest w \u201eMelancholii&#8221;, pokazuj\u0105c reprodukcj\u0119 obrazu rozpadaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 w ogniu.<\/p>\n<p>Dzi\u015b to jeden z najcz\u0119\u015bciej reprodukowanych obraz\u00f3w w historii \u2014 na kartkach, kalendarzach i ok\u0142adkach.<\/p>\n<h2>Gdzie zobaczy\u0107 dzie\u0142o dzi\u015b<\/h2>\n<p>Obraz wisi w <strong>Kunsthistorisches Museum<\/strong> przy Maria-Theresien-Platz w Wiedniu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>To muzeum ma najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 kolekcj\u0119 Bruegla na \u015bwiecie<\/strong> \u2014 oko\u0142o jednej trzeciej wszystkich zachowanych obraz\u00f3w, w tym \u201eWie\u017c\u0119 Babel&#8221;, \u201eWalk\u0119 karnawa\u0142u z postem&#8221;, \u201eZabawy dzieci\u0119ce&#8221; i dwa inne p\u0142\u00f3tna z cyklu Miesi\u0105ce.<\/li>\n<li>Muzeum jest zamkni\u0119te w poniedzia\u0142ki poza sezonem letnim. Godziny i ceny sprawd\u017a przed wyjazdem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obejrzyj trzy obrazy z cyklu razem.<\/strong> \u201ePonury dzie\u0144&#8221;, \u201ePowr\u00f3t stada&#8221; i \u201eMy\u015bliwi&#8221; wisz\u0105 w tej samej sali \u2014 to jedyne miejsce na \u015bwiecie, gdzie mo\u017cna por\u00f3wna\u0107 pory roku Bruegla obok siebie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Podejd\u017a blisko.<\/strong> Obraz jest pe\u0142en scen wielko\u015bci paznokcia: po\u017car, gracze na lodzie, kobieta z chrustem. Z dw\u00f3ch metr\u00f3w ich nie wida\u0107.<\/li>\n<li>Sam budynek muzeum, z klatk\u0105 schodow\u0105 ozdobion\u0105 malowid\u0142ami m\u0142odego Klimta, jest osobn\u0105 atrakcj\u0105.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania<\/h2>\n<h3>Co upolowali my\u015bliwi?<\/h3>\n<p>Jednego lisa. To wszystko \u2014 reszta powrotu jest pusta. Bruegel pokaza\u0142 nieudane polowanie, nie triumf.<\/p>\n<h3>Co si\u0119 dzieje przed karczm\u0105?<\/h3>\n<p>\u015awiniobicie. Grupa ludzi opala szczecin\u0119 zabitej \u015bwini nad ogniem \u2014 to typowa praca z prze\u0142omu listopada i grudnia, przed nadej\u015bciem mroz\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<h3>Ile obraz\u00f3w liczy\u0142 cykl Miesi\u0105ce?<\/h3>\n<p>Najprawdopodobniej sze\u015b\u0107, ka\u017cdy obejmuj\u0105cy dwa miesi\u0105ce. Zachowa\u0142o si\u0119 pi\u0119\u0107: trzy w Wiedniu, jeden w Nowym Jorku i jeden w Pradze. Sz\u00f3sty, wiosenny, zagin\u0105\u0142.<\/p>\n<h3>Czy to prawdziwe miejsce?<\/h3>\n<p>Nie. Bruegel po\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 niderlandzk\u0105 wie\u015b z alpejskimi szczytami, kt\u00f3re zapami\u0119ta\u0142 z podr\u00f3\u017cy do W\u0142och. W Niderlandach takich g\u00f3r nie ma.<\/p>\n<h3>Co jeszcze warto wypatrze\u0107?<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0142on\u0105cy dom po prawej stronie, z lud\u017ami biegn\u0105cymi z drabin\u0105. Zamarzni\u0119te ko\u0142o m\u0142yna wodnego. Krzywo wisz\u0105cy szyld karczmy ze \u015bwi\u0119tym Hubertem. Kobiet\u0119 z wi\u0105zk\u0105 chrustu na mostku.<\/p>\n<h3>Gdzie pojawi\u0142 si\u0119 w filmie?<\/h3>\n<p>Najs\u0142ynniej w \u201eSolaris&#8221; Tarkowskiego z 1972 roku, gdzie kamera przesuwa si\u0119 po nim przez kilka minut jako po obrazie utraconej Ziemi.<\/p>\n<p>Je\u015bli ten obraz Ci\u0119 zainteresowa\u0142, poznaj <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/wieza-babel\/\">\u201eWie\u017c\u0119 Babel&#8221;<\/a> tego samego malarza, wisz\u0105c\u0105 kilka sal dalej \u2014 r\u00f3wnie\u017c zbudowan\u0105 z setek drobnych scen, kt\u00f3re wida\u0107 dopiero z bliska.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Zdj\u0119cie: My\u015bliwi na \u015bniegu \u2013 Pieter Bruegel Starszy (1565). Licencja: Public Domain. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_(Winter)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To nie jest ogie\u0144 dla ciep\u0142a. Przed karczm\u0105 po lewej stronie grupa ludzi opala \u015bwi\u0144skie szczecin\u0119 nad p\u0142omieniem \u2014 trwa \u015bwiniobicie, doroczny rytua\u0142 pocz\u0105tku zimy. Szyld nad nimi, przedstawiaj\u0105cy \u015bwi\u0119tego Huberta z jeleniem, zwisa na jednym zawiasie. Karczma nazywa\u0142a si\u0119 \u201ePod Jeleniem&#8221; i nazwa ta, przy my\u015bliwych wracaj\u0105cych z pustymi r\u0119kami, brzmi jak drwina. Najwa\u017cniejsze&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1254,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[5896,3853,5894,5893,5897,5895,5891,5898,5892,5667],"artist":[5889],"movement":[3742],"museum":[5890],"class_list":["post-1256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obrazy","tag-cykl-miesiace","tag-historia-sztuki","tag-kunsthistorisches-museum","tag-malarstwo-niderlandzkie","tag-malarstwo-xvi-wieku","tag-malarstwo-zimowe","tag-mysliwi-na-sniegu","tag-pejzaz-zimowy","tag-pieter-bruegel-starszy","tag-renesans-polnocny","artist-pieter-bruegel-the-elder","movement-northern-renaissance","museum-kunsthistorisches-museum-vienna"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>My\u015bliwi na \u015bniegu \u2013 Bruegel Starszy | Arcydzie\u0142o renesansu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Odkryj \u201eMy\u015bliwi na \u015bniegu&quot; Bruegla Starszego z 1565 r. 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