{"id":651,"date":"2026-07-09T05:18:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T05:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/nagla-ulewa-nad-mostem-shin-ohashi-w-atake\/"},"modified":"2026-09-16T18:54:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T18:54:12","slug":"nagla-ulewa-nad-mostem-shin-ohashi-w-atake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/nagla-ulewa-nad-mostem-shin-ohashi-w-atake\/","title":{"rendered":"Nag\u0142a ulewa nad mostem Shin-\u014chashi w Atake"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong>Van Gogh skopiowa\u0142 ten drzeworyt olejem na p\u0142\u00f3tnie \u2014 i przy okazji pope\u0142ni\u0142 b\u0142\u0105d, kt\u00f3ry zdradza, jak niewiele wiedzia\u0142 o japo\u0144skim pi\u015bmie. Wok\u00f3\u0142 swojej kopii namalowa\u0142 ramk\u0119 z japo\u0144skich znak\u00f3w, przepisanych z zupe\u0142nie innych grafik, kt\u00f3re mia\u0142 w kolekcji. Nie znacz\u0105 nic sensownego. To fascynuj\u0105cy dow\u00f3d na to, czym naprawd\u0119 by\u0142 japonizm: zachwytem bez zrozumienia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Najwa\u017cniejsze fakty<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artysta:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/artist\/utagawa-hiroshige\/\">Utagawa Hiroshige (1797\u20131858)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Tytu\u0142 japo\u0144ski:<\/strong> <em>\u014chashi Atake no y\u016bdachi<\/em> (\u5927\u306f\u3057\u3042\u305f\u3051\u306e\u5915\u7acb)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rok:<\/strong> wrzesie\u0144 1857<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technika:<\/strong> drzeworyt barwny <em>nishiki-e<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Wymiary:<\/strong> ok. 36 \u00d7 24 cm (format <em>\u014dban<\/em> pionowy)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Seria:<\/strong> <em>Sto s\u0142ynnych widok\u00f3w Edo<\/em>, plansza 58<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nurt:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/movement\/ukiyo-e\/\">ukiyo-e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gdzie szuka\u0107:<\/strong> odbitki m.in. w <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/museum\/metropolitan-museum-new-york\/\">Metropolitan Museum<\/a>, Brooklyn Museum, British Museum, Muzeum Van Gogha<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Dlaczego nie ma tu \u201eorygina\u0142u&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p>To drzeworyt, nie obraz. Powstawa\u0142 zespo\u0142owo: Hiroshige narysowa\u0142 wz\u00f3r, rytownik wyci\u0105\u0142 klocki \u2014 osobny dla ka\u017cdego koloru \u2014 a drukarz odbija\u0142 je r\u0119cznie na wilgotnym papierze.<\/p>\n<p>Nak\u0142ad szed\u0142 w setki, a popularne plansze dodrukowywano latami. <strong>P\u00f3\u017aniejsze odbitki s\u0105 wyra\u017anie s\u0142absze<\/strong> \u2014 linie grubiej\u0105, gradienty nieba si\u0119 sp\u0142aszczaj\u0105, deszcz traci ostro\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n<p>Egzemplarze s\u0105 dzi\u015b w muzeach ca\u0142ego \u015bwiata i r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy sob\u0105. Pytanie brzmi wi\u0119c nie \u201egdzie jest orygina\u0142&#8221;, tylko \u201ekt\u00f3ra to odbitka&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h2>Co czyni t\u0119 prac\u0119 tak wyj\u0105tkow\u0105?<\/h2>\n<p>Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 artyst\u00f3w malowa\u0142a deszcz jako nastr\u00f3j albo t\u0142o. Hiroshige uczyni\u0142 go tematem.<\/p>\n<p>Najbardziej uderza spos\u00f3b wykonania. <strong>Linie deszczu wyci\u0119to w osobnych klockach<\/strong> \u2014 dw\u00f3ch, nak\u0142adanych pod r\u00f3\u017cnym k\u0105tem, co daje wra\u017cenie g\u0119stwiny. Wyci\u0119cie ich w drewnie by\u0142o ekstremalnie trudne: to setki cienkich, d\u0142ugich, r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142ych rowk\u00f3w, przy kt\u00f3rych jedno p\u0119kni\u0119cie niszczy ca\u0142y klocek. Rytownik by\u0142 tu r\u00f3wnie wa\u017cny jak artysta.<\/p>\n<p>Druga rzecz to kadr. Most jest uci\u0119ty z obu stron, widz nie widzi ani jednego, ani drugiego brzegu w ca\u0142o\u015bci. Takie kadrowanie \u2014 jakby fotograficzne, przypadkowe \u2014 by\u0142o w Europie nie do pomy\u015blenia i w\u0142a\u015bnie ono zrobi\u0142o najwi\u0119ksze wra\u017cenie na Degasie i Toulouse-Lautrecu.<\/p>\n<h2>Miejsce i chwila<\/h2>\n<p>Scen\u0119 da si\u0119 zlokalizowa\u0107. Most Shin-\u014chashi przerzucono nad rzek\u0105 Sumid\u0105 w 1693 roku. Atake to nazwa dzielnicy na przeciwleg\u0142ym, wschodnim brzegu \u2014 wzi\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 od ogromnego okr\u0119tu <em>Atakemaru<\/em>, kt\u00f3ry tam kiedy\u015b cumowa\u0142.<\/p>\n<p>Ciemny kszta\u0142t po prawej, ledwie widoczny w ulewie, to tratwa z drewnem sp\u0142awianym rzek\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Warto wiedzie\u0107, \u017ce <strong>most w chwili powstania grafiki by\u0142 ju\u017c zniszczony<\/strong> i wkr\u00f3tce potem go rozebrano. Hiroshige rysowa\u0142 co\u015b, co znika\u0142o \u2014 podobnie jak ca\u0142e Edo, kt\u00f3re w ci\u0105gu nast\u0119pnej dekady mia\u0142o sta\u0107 si\u0119 Tokio.<\/p>\n<h2>Na co zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 uwag\u0119<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Dwa k\u0105ty deszczu.<\/strong> Przyjrzyj si\u0119 uwa\u017cnie: krople padaj\u0105 pod dwoma r\u00f3\u017cnymi nachyleniami. To \u015blad dw\u00f3ch osobnych klock\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Czarny pas nieba u g\u00f3ry.<\/strong> Gwa\u0142towne, ciemne przej\u015bcie na samej g\u00f3rze kompozycji. Uzyskano je technik\u0105 <em>bokashi<\/em> \u2014 drukarz r\u0119cznie \u015bciera\u0142 farb\u0119 z klocka przed ka\u017cd\u0105 odbitk\u0105. <strong>Na ka\u017cdym egzemplarzu wygl\u0105da inaczej<\/strong>, a we wczesnych odbitkach jest wyra\u017anie ostrzejszy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ludzie.<\/strong> Osiem postaci, wszystkie pochylone, \u017cadna nie patrzy w stron\u0119 widza. Dwie osoby dziel\u0105 jeden parasol, kto\u015b biegnie z mat\u0105 na g\u0142owie, kto\u015b inny niesie towar. To nie s\u0105 bohaterowie, tylko element \u017cywio\u0142u.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Barwnik ro\u015bliny <em>dayflower<\/em>.<\/strong> B\u0142\u0119kit wody na wczesnych odbitkach uzyskiwano cz\u0119\u015bciowo z barwnika ro\u015blinnego, kt\u00f3ry blaknie. Na wielu zachowanych egzemplarzach rzeka jest dzi\u015b bledsza, ni\u017c by\u0142a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tratwa.<\/strong> Ciemny prostok\u0105t po prawej. \u0141atwo go przeoczy\u0107, a nadaje skal\u0119 ca\u0142ej rzece.<\/p>\n<h2>Kontekst historyczny<\/h2>\n<p>Rok 1857. Japonia stoi u progu przewrotu \u2014 cztery lata wcze\u015bniej okr\u0119ty komodora Perry&#8217;ego wymusi\u0142y otwarcie kraju, a szogunat Tokugawa chyli si\u0119 ku upadkowi. Za dziesi\u0119\u0107 lat zacznie si\u0119 epoka Meiji.<\/p>\n<p>Hiroshige wydaje wtedy seri\u0119 <em>Sto s\u0142ynnych widok\u00f3w Edo<\/em> \u2014 cykl, kt\u00f3ry jest w istocie po\u017cegnaniem z miastem. Wiele przedstawionych miejsc ju\u017c wtedy nie istnia\u0142o albo w\u0142a\u015bnie znika\u0142o; niekt\u00f3re zniszczy\u0142o wielkie trz\u0119sienie ziemi z 1855 roku.<\/p>\n<p>Seria liczy ostatecznie 118 plansz i nie zosta\u0142a uko\u0144czona przez samego Hiroshige. <strong>Ostatnie dope\u0142ni\u0142 jego ucze\u0144 i zi\u0119\u0107, Hiroshige II<\/strong>, po \u015bmierci mistrza.<\/p>\n<h2>O Utagawie Hiroshige<\/h2>\n<p>Hiroshige urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 w 1797 roku w Edo jako syn urz\u0119dnika stra\u017cy po\u017carnej. Po \u015bmierci obojga rodzic\u00f3w \u2014 mia\u0142 wtedy dwana\u015bcie lat \u2014 odziedziczy\u0142 po ojcu posad\u0119 i pe\u0142ni\u0142 j\u0105 jeszcze przez lata, maluj\u0105c r\u00f3wnolegle.<\/p>\n<p>Uczy\u0142 si\u0119 u Utagawy Toyohiro. Wypracowa\u0142 styl odmienny od Hokusaia: gdzie tamten by\u0142 eksperymentatorem geometrii i formy, Hiroshige by\u0142 malarzem pogody, pory dnia i nastroju. <em>53 stacje T\u014dkaid\u014d<\/em> przynios\u0142y mu s\u0142aw\u0119 za \u017cycia.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zmar\u0142 w 1858 roku podczas epidemii cholery w Edo<\/strong>, rok po opublikowaniu tej planszy. Zostawi\u0142 wiersz po\u017cegnalny, w kt\u00f3rym pisze, \u017ce zostawia p\u0119dzel w Edo i wyrusza ogl\u0105da\u0107 s\u0142awne widoki Zachodniego Raju.<\/p>\n<h2>Van Gogh i kopia<\/h2>\n<p>To najciekawszy w\u0105tek w historii tej grafiki.<\/p>\n<p>Vincent van Gogh zebra\u0142 z bratem Theo <strong>ponad sze\u015b\u0107set japo\u0144skich drzeworyt\u00f3w<\/strong>. W 1887 roku w Pary\u017cu przemalowa\u0142 dwa z nich na olej: w\u0142a\u015bnie t\u0119 ulew\u0119 oraz <em>Kwitn\u0105c\u0105 \u015bliw\u0119<\/em> Hiroshige.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda by\u0142a mechaniczna. Van Gogh na\u0142o\u017cy\u0142 na grafik\u0119 siatk\u0119, przeni\u00f3s\u0142 j\u0105 powi\u0119kszon\u0105 na p\u0142\u00f3tno i odwzorowa\u0142 kompozycj\u0119 kwadrat po kwadracie.<\/p>\n<p>Zmieni\u0142 jednak kolory \u2014 jego wersja jest znacznie intensywniejsza, z jaskrawym pomara\u0144czem i zieleni\u0105, kt\u00f3rych u Hiroshige nie ma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I doda\u0142 ramk\u0119 z japo\u0144skich znak\u00f3w.<\/strong> Przepisa\u0142 je z innych grafik ze swojej kolekcji, nie rozumiej\u0105c tre\u015bci. Fragmenty pochodz\u0105 z reklam i tytu\u0142\u00f3w zupe\u0142nie niezwi\u0105zanych z tym widokiem.<\/p>\n<p>Obraz wisi w <strong>Muzeum Van Gogha w Amsterdamie<\/strong> \u2014 nie w Rijksmuseum, z kt\u00f3rym bywa mylony.<\/p>\n<p>Van Gogh pisa\u0142 do Theo, \u017ce japo\u0144scy arty\u015bci studiuj\u0105 jedno \u017ad\u017ab\u0142o trawy, a potem potrafi\u0105 narysowa\u0107 wszystko. Widzia\u0142 w nich to, czego szuka\u0142 u siebie.<\/p>\n<h2>Dziedzictwo i wp\u0142yw<\/h2>\n<p>Japonizm zmieni\u0142 europejskie malarstwo ko\u0144ca XIX wieku. Uci\u0119te kadry, p\u0142askie plamy koloru, wysokie horyzonty i asymetria wesz\u0142y do repertuaru impresjonist\u00f3w, Degasa, Toulouse-Lautreca i secesji.<\/p>\n<p>Ta konkretna plansza sta\u0142a si\u0119 jednym z najcz\u0119\u015bciej reprodukowanych japo\u0144skich drzeworyt\u00f3w. Spos\u00f3b rysowania deszczu uko\u015bnymi liniami wszed\u0142 do j\u0119zyka komiksu i animacji na tyle g\u0142\u0119boko, \u017ce dzi\u015b wydaje si\u0119 oczywisty.<\/p>\n<p>Warto jednak zachowa\u0107 proporcje. Dla europejskich malarzy by\u0142y to objawienia; dla mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Edo \u2014 tanie druki kupowane jak poczt\u00f3wki. Ta rozbie\u017cno\u015b\u0107 jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 historii japonizmu.<\/p>\n<h2>Gdzie zobaczy\u0107<\/h2>\n<p>Odbitki s\u0105 rozproszone. Du\u017ce zbiory ukiyo-e maj\u0105 Metropolitan Museum i Brooklyn Museum w Nowym Jorku, British Museum, Mus\u00e9e Guimet w Pary\u017cu oraz Muzeum Van Gogha, kt\u00f3re przechowuje kolekcj\u0119 Vincenta wraz z jego kopi\u0105.<\/p>\n<p><strong>W Polsce<\/strong> japo\u0144skie drzeworyty ogl\u0105da si\u0119 w Muzeum Manggha w Krakowie oraz w Muzeum Narodowym w Krakowie, kt\u00f3re przechowuje kolekcj\u0119 Feliksa Jasie\u0144skiego.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sprawd\u017a, czy odbitka jest akurat eksponowana.<\/strong> Prace na papierze pokazuje si\u0119 rotacyjnie, zwykle kilka tygodni raz na kilka lat. To najcz\u0119stsza przyczyna rozczarowania.<\/li>\n<li>Metropolitan, Brooklyn Museum i Muzeum Van Gogha udost\u0119pniaj\u0105 skany w wysokiej rozdzielczo\u015bci online, bezp\u0142atnie.<\/li>\n<li>Je\u015bli b\u0119dziesz w Amsterdamie, obejrzyj kopi\u0119 Van Gogha i grafik\u0119 Hiroshige jedn\u0105 po drugiej. R\u00f3\u017cnica w kolorze jest uderzaj\u0105ca.<\/li>\n<li>W The Met wst\u0119p jest w formule \u201ezap\u0142a\u0107, ile chcesz&#8221; wy\u0142\u0105cznie dla mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w stanu Nowy Jork oraz student\u00f3w z New Jersey i Connecticut. Pozostali p\u0142ac\u0105 stawk\u0119 sta\u0142\u0105.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania<\/h2>\n<h3>Gdzie jest kopia Van Gogha?<\/h3>\n<p>W Muzeum Van Gogha w Amsterdamie. Bywa mylona z Rijksmuseum, kt\u00f3re znajduje si\u0119 kilkaset metr\u00f3w dalej na tym samym placu.<\/p>\n<h3>Czy istnieje jeden orygina\u0142 tej grafiki?<\/h3>\n<p>Nie. To drzeworyt odbity w setkach egzemplarzy z tych samych klock\u00f3w. Odbitki r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 jako\u015bci\u0105 i kolorem \u2014 wczesne s\u0105 ostrzejsze i maj\u0105 mocniejsze gradienty nieba.<\/p>\n<h3>Jak uzyskano efekt deszczu?<\/h3>\n<p>Przez wyci\u0119cie cienkich, r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142ych linii w osobnych klockach \u2014 dw\u00f3ch, nak\u0142adanych pod r\u00f3\u017cnymi k\u0105tami. Technicznie by\u0142o to jedno z najtrudniejszych zada\u0144 w ca\u0142ym ukiyo-e.<\/p>\n<h3>Czym jest seria \u201eSto s\u0142ynnych widok\u00f3w Edo&#8221;?<\/h3>\n<p>Cyklem 118 drzeworyt\u00f3w wydawanych w latach 1856\u20131858, przedstawiaj\u0105cych miejsca w Edo o r\u00f3\u017cnych porach roku i dnia. Hiroshige nie zd\u0105\u017cy\u0142 jej uko\u0144czy\u0107 \u2014 ostatnie plansze wykona\u0142 jego ucze\u0144, Hiroshige II.<\/p>\n<h3>Czy most Shin-\u014chashi istnieje?<\/h3>\n<p>Nie ten. Most z grafiki by\u0142 w 1857 roku ju\u017c zniszczony i wkr\u00f3tce potem go rozebrano. W tym samym miejscu nad Sumid\u0105 stoi dzi\u015b nowoczesna konstrukcja pod t\u0105 sam\u0105 nazw\u0105.<\/p>\n<h3>Co to jest ukiyo-e?<\/h3>\n<p>Japo\u0144ska sztuka drzeworytu barwnego, popularna od XVII do XIX wieku. Dos\u0142ownie \u201eobrazy przep\u0142ywaj\u0105cego \u015bwiata&#8221;. Ka\u017cdy kolor wymaga\u0142 osobnego klocka, a ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 powstawa\u0142a w zespole: artysta, rytownik, drukarz i wydawca.<\/p>\n<p>Je\u015bli ta grafika Ci\u0119 zainteresowa\u0142a, poznaj <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/wielka-fala-w-kanagawie\/\">\u201eWielk\u0105 fal\u0119 w Kanagawie&#8221;<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/artworkpost.com\/pl\/czerwona-fudzi\/\">\u201eCzerwon\u0105 Fud\u017ci&#8221;<\/a> Hokusaia \u2014 dwie prace, kt\u00f3re trafi\u0142y do Europy t\u0105 sam\u0105 drog\u0105 i wywo\u0142a\u0142y ten sam wstrz\u0105s.<\/p>\n<p class=\"image-attribution\" style=\"font-size:0.85em;color:#666;\"><em>Zdj\u0119cie: \u014chashi Atake no y\u016bdachi \u2013 Utagawa Hiroshige, 1857, z serii \u201eSto s\u0142ynnych widok\u00f3w Edo&#8221;. Licencja: Public Domain. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Utagawa_Hiroshige_-_Evening_Shower_at_Atake_and_the_Great_Bridge.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Van Gogh skopiowa\u0142 ten drzeworyt olejem na p\u0142\u00f3tnie \u2014 i przy okazji pope\u0142ni\u0142 b\u0142\u0105d, kt\u00f3ry zdradza, jak niewiele wiedzia\u0142 o japo\u0144skim pi\u015bmie. Wok\u00f3\u0142 swojej kopii namalowa\u0142 ramk\u0119 z japo\u0144skich znak\u00f3w, przepisanych z zupe\u0142nie innych grafik, kt\u00f3re mia\u0142 w kolekcji. Nie znacz\u0105 nic sensownego. To fascynuj\u0105cy dow\u00f3d na to, czym naprawd\u0119 by\u0142 japonizm: zachwytem bez zrozumienia&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":649,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2607],"tags":[2611,2957,46,2613,2958,2614,2612,2610,2955,2956],"artist":[2953],"movement":[2893],"museum":[2954],"class_list":["post-651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rysunki","tag-drzeworyt-japonski","tag-edo","tag-historia-sztuki","tag-japonizm","tag-krajobraz-japonski","tag-metropolitan-museum","tag-sztuka-japonska","tag-ukiyo-e","tag-utagawa-hiroshige","tag-van-gogh","artist-utagawa-hiroshige","movement-ukiyo-e","museum-metropolitan-museum-new-york"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nag\u0142a ulewa nad mostem Shin-\u014chashi \u2013 Hiroshige<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Odkryj \u201eNag\u0142\u0105 ulew\u0119 nad mostem Shin-\u014chashi w Atake&quot; Hiroshige \u2013 drzeworyt, kt\u00f3ry zainspirowa\u0142 Van Gogha i zmieni\u0142 sztuk\u0119 zachodni\u0105. 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